Determinants of Public Health Personnel Spending in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Descriptive Analysis
2. Aims of the Study
3. Methods
Initial Study for Calculating COVID-19 Impact on Spanish GDP
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
6.1. Implications for Health Care Provision and Use
6.2. Implications for Health Policies
6.3. Implications for Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | STD Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birth rate | 42 | 7.1000 | 15.2200 | 10.208095 | 1.6857715 |
Death rate | 42 | 7.5200 | 10.4000 | 8.546905 | 0.5247693 |
Median age of population | 42 | 26.1900 | 49.7800 | 39.110476 | 3.9757717 |
Life expectancy at birth | 42 | 75.44 | 83.58 | 79.5607 | 2.58854 |
Population over 65 | 42 | 11.24 | 20.08 | 15.8090 | 2.57171 |
Annual population variance | 42 | −0.003713 | 0.019343 | 0.00564207 | 0.005842911 |
Annual health personnel expenditure variation | 42 | −0.078130 | 0.234810 | 0.07753357 | 0.065311194 |
Annual public spending variation | 41 | −0.067849 | 0.278202 | 0.07825466 | 0.066680494 |
Annual health spending variation | 41 | −0.049374 | 0.275106 | 0.08127524 | 0.069073167 |
Annual GDP variation | 41 | −0.102387 | 0.182401 | 0.05227666 | 0.058309309 |
% Public spending over GDP | 42 | 0.039600 | 0.080000 | 0.05431667 | 0.010557968 |
Valid N (by list) | 41 |
Shapiro–Wilk | |||
---|---|---|---|
Statistical | gl | Sig. | |
Birth rate | 0.967 | 41 | 0.284 |
Death rate | 0.945 | 41 | 0.048 |
Median population age | 0.951 | 41 | 0.078 |
Life expectancy at birth | 0.921 | 41 | 0.007 |
Population over 65 years old | 0.949 | 41 | 0.066 |
Annual population variation | 0.846 | 41 | 0.000 |
Annual health personnel spending variation | 0.983 | 41 | 0.776 |
Annual public expenditure variation | 0.969 | 41 | 0.328 |
Annual health expenditure variation | 0.963 | 41 | 0.197 |
Annual GDP variation | 0.954 | 41 | 0.096 |
% Public spending over GDP | 0.945 | 41 | 0.045 |
Model | R | R Squared | Adjusted R2 | Standard Estimation Error | Durbin–Watson |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.731 a | 0.534 | 0.522 | 0.044529030 | |
2 | 0.738 b | 0.545 | 0.521 | 0.044564984 | |
3 | 0.893 c | 0.797 | 0.781 | 0.030139396 | |
4 | 0.897 d | 0.804 | 0.782 | 0.030068912 | |
5 | 0.897 e | 0.804 | 0.776 | 0.030489495 | |
6 | 0.897 f | 0.804 | 0.770 | 0.030909299 | 2.478 |
Model | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Regression | 0.089 | 1 | 0.089 | 44.652 | 0.000 a |
Residual | 0.077 | 39 | 0.002 | |||
Total | 0.166 | 40 | ||||
2 | Regression | 0.090 | 2 | 0.045 | 22.758 | 0.000 b |
Residual | 0.075 | 38 | 0.002 | |||
Total | 0.166 | 40 | ||||
3 | Regression | 0.132 | 3 | 0.044 | 48.532 | 0.000 c |
Residual | 0.034 | 37 | 0.001 | |||
Total | 0.166 | 40 | ||||
4 | Regression | 0.133 | 4 | 0.033 | 36.863 | 0.000 d |
Residual | 0.033 | 36 | 0.001 | |||
Total | 0.166 | 40 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | Statistics of Collinearity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error. | Beta | Tolerance | FIV | ||||
4 | (Constant) | −0.041 | 0.039 | −1.053 | 0.299 | |||
Annual Public Spending Variation | 0.126 | 0.121 | 0.130 | 1.043 | 0.037 | 0.350 | 2.861 | |
Birth Rate | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.114 | 1.120 | 0.027 | 0.526 | 1.902 | |
Annual Health Spending Variation | 0.645 | 0.098 | 0.692 | 6.563 | 0.000 | 0.490 | 2.040 | |
Annual GDP Variation | 0.097 | 0.090 | 0.088 | 1.083 | 0.028 | 0.827 | 1.209 |
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Share and Cite
Puerto-Casasnovas, E.; Galiana-Richart, J.; Mastrantonio-Ramos, M.P.; López-Muñoz, F.; Rocafort-Nicolau, A. Determinants of Public Health Personnel Spending in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054024
Puerto-Casasnovas E, Galiana-Richart J, Mastrantonio-Ramos MP, López-Muñoz F, Rocafort-Nicolau A. Determinants of Public Health Personnel Spending in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054024
Chicago/Turabian StylePuerto-Casasnovas, Elena, Jorge Galiana-Richart, Maria Paola Mastrantonio-Ramos, Francisco López-Muñoz, and Alfredo Rocafort-Nicolau. 2023. "Determinants of Public Health Personnel Spending in Spain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054024