The Longitudinal Association between Co-Residential Care Provision and Healthcare Use among the Portuguese Population Aged 50 and Over: A SHARE Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
- −
- Null Model (only included dependent variable: number of visits to the doctor in the last 12 months);
- −
- Model 1 (included, in addition to the variable inserted in Null Model, the interest variable providing co-residential care);
- −
- Model 2 (included, in addition to the variables inserted in Model 1, the following variables: age, sex, current job situation, education, financial distress, hospital admissions, number of chronic diseases, depression, physical inactivity, household size, social activities and time (wave));
- −
- Model 3 (included, in addition to the variables inserted in Model 2, the interaction term between providing co-residential care and time).
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Longitudinal Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-Co- Residential Caregivers (N = 1510) | Co-Residential Spousal Caregivers (N = 95) | Non-Spousal Co-Residential Caregivers (N = 92) | p-Value | F | X2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 65.9 (10.3) | 68.6 (11.4) | 66.3 (11.1) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | 14.76 | |
Sex | 0.004 ⋆⋆ | 11.13 | ||||
Female | 52.0% | 41.2% | 79.0% | |||
Male | 48.0% | 58.8% | 21.0% | |||
Current job situation | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | 16.67 | ||||
Other situation | 49.1% | 24.4% | 42.3% | |||
Retired | 50.9% | 75.6% | 57.7% | |||
Education (ISCED-97) | 0.466 | 3.58 | ||||
Low education level | 79.7% | 81.4% | 90.5% | |||
Medium education level | 9.7% | 9.8% | 2.2% | |||
High education level | 10.6% | 8.8% | 7.3% | |||
Financial distress | 0.069 | 5.35 | ||||
No | 41.8% | 41.4% | 25.2% | |||
Yes | 58.2% | 58.6% | 74.8% | |||
Hospitalized in the last 12 months | 0.805 | 0.43 | ||||
No | 87.6% | 92.5% | 87.5% | |||
Yes | 12.4% | 7.5% | 12.5% | |||
Chronic diseases, mean (SD) | 1.8 (1.8) | 2.3 (1.7) | 2.5 (1.8) | 0.011 ⋆ | 4.51 | |
Depressive symptoms (4 or more) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | 28.56 | ||||
No | 59.3% | 35.7% | 47.2% | |||
Yes | 40.7% | 64.3% | 52.8% | |||
Physical inactivity | 0.895 | 0.22 | ||||
No | 68.8% | 76% | 60.6% | |||
Yes | 31.2% | 24% | 39.4% | |||
Household size, mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.2) | 3.2 (1.2) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | 11.49 | |
Social activities, mean (SD) | 1.0 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.2) | 1.0 (1.3) | 0.838 | 0.18 | |
Visits to the doctor in the last 12 months, mean (SD) | 6.4 (14.2) | 5.4 (7.5) | 3.1 (3.6) | 0.154 | 1.87 |
Null Model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRR (95%CI) | p-Value | IRR (95%CI) | p-Value | IRR (95%CI) | p-Value | IRR (95%CI) | p-Value | ||
(Intercept) | 3.84 (3.67–4.01) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | 3.78 (3.62–3.96) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | 1.68 (1.20–2.34) | 0.002 ⋆⋆ | 1.69 (1.21–2.36) | 0.002 ⋆⋆ | |
Co-residential care | |||||||||
Non-co-residential caregivers | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||
Co-residential spousal caregivers | 1.14 (0.98–1.30) | 0.092 | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | 0.808 | 1.33 (0.99–1.79) | 0.061 | |||
Non-spousal co-residential caregivers | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) | 0.637 | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 0.746 | 0.89 (0.66–1.21) | 0.471 | |||
Age | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.121 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.146 | |||||
Sex (Male) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 0.071 | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 0.066 | |||||
Current job situation (Retired) | 1.04 (0.96–1.14) | 0.327 | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 0.325 | |||||
Education (ISCED) | |||||||||
Low education level | ref. | ref. | |||||||
Medium education level | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.763 | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.748 | |||||
High education level | 1.24 (1.09–1.42) | 0.002 ⋆⋆ | 1.24 (1.09–1.42) | 0.001 ⋆⋆ | |||||
Financial distress (Yes) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.102 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.099 | |||||
Hospitalized in the last 12 months (Yes) | 1.71 (1.56–1.89) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | 1.72 (1.56–1.89) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | |||||
Chronic diseases | 1.14 (1.12–1.16) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | 1.14 (1.12–1.16) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | |||||
Depressive symptoms (4 or more) (Yes) | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | |||||
Physical inactivity (Yes) | 1.15 (1.06–1.25) | 0.001 ⋆⋆ | 1.15 (1.06–1.26) | 0.001 ⋆⋆ | |||||
Household size | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.057 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.052 | |||||
Social activities | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.253 | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.214 | |||||
Time (wave) | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | 1.08 (1.04–1.11) | <0.001 ⋆⋆⋆ | |||||
Spouse co-residential caregiver * Time | 0.86 (0.76–0.98) | 0.025 ⋆ | |||||||
Non-spousal co-residential caregivers * Time | 1.06 (0.92–1.21) | 0.443 | |||||||
Random Effects | |||||||||
σ (intercept) | 0.4483 | 0.4471 | 0.3127 | 0.3116 | |||||
Goodness-of-Fit | |||||||||
AIC | 16,998.0 | 16,802.4 | 16,246.8 | 16,244.9 | |||||
Deviance | 16,992.7 | 16,792.4 | 16,210.8 | 16,204.9 | |||||
Log-Likelihood | −8496.4 | −8396.2 | −8105.4 | −8102.5 | |||||
ICC | 0.471 | 0.482 | 0.406 | 0.405 | |||||
No. of observations | 3176 | 3147 | 3142 | 3142 | |||||
No. of individuals | 1936 | 1928 | 1928 | 1928 |
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Barbosa, F.; Simões Dias, S.; Voss, G.; Delerue Matos, A. The Longitudinal Association between Co-Residential Care Provision and Healthcare Use among the Portuguese Population Aged 50 and Over: A SHARE Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053975
Barbosa F, Simões Dias S, Voss G, Delerue Matos A. The Longitudinal Association between Co-Residential Care Provision and Healthcare Use among the Portuguese Population Aged 50 and Over: A SHARE Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):3975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053975
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbosa, Fátima, Sara Simões Dias, Gina Voss, and Alice Delerue Matos. 2023. "The Longitudinal Association between Co-Residential Care Provision and Healthcare Use among the Portuguese Population Aged 50 and Over: A SHARE Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 3975. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053975