Tobacco Smoke Exposure According to Location of Home Smoking in Israel: Findings from the Project Zero Exposure Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Samples and Procedures
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Ethics and Registration
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Primary Outcome
2.4.2. Independent Measures
2.5. Statistical Analyses
2.5.1. Analyses, Smoking Families vs. Nonsmoking Families (Study 1 vs. Study 2)
2.5.2. TSE by Location of Home Smoking and Other Explanatory Variables (Study 1)
3. Results
3.1. Table 1 Describes the Sample Characteristics of Participating Families for Both Studies
Study 1: Smoking Households (n = 159) | Study 2: Non-Smoking Households (n = 20) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Geographic Region | Tel Aviv | 63 | 39.6 | 6 | 30 |
Central Region | 50 | 31.4 | 12 | 60 | |
Jerusalem | 7 | 4.4 | 1 | 5 | |
Haifa | 7 | 4.4 | 0 | 0 | |
South | 30 | 18.9 | 1 | 5 | |
Judaea and Samaria | 2 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | |
Child sex | Female | 82 | 51.6 | 8 | 40.0 |
Male | 77 | 48.4 | 12 | 60.0 | |
Child age (months) | Mean (SD) | 154 | 37.0 (23.3) | 20 | 29.4 (19.9) |
Smoking parent | Neither | 0 | 0.0 | 20 | 100.0 |
Mother Only | 27 | 17.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Father Only | 61 | 38.4 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Both Father and Mother | 71 | 44.7 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Parents’ nationality | Both Israeli born | 102 | 64.2 | 17 | 85.0 |
Other | 57 | 35.8 | 3 | 15.0 | |
Mother’s education | Junior/High school | 26 | 16.7 | 1 | 5.6 |
Some post-high school | 24 | 15.4 | 1 | 5.6 | |
Attended/completed university | 106 | 68.0 | 16 | 88.9 | |
Father’s education | Junior/High school | 45 | 29.8 | 0 | 0.0 |
Some post-high school | 37 | 24.5 | 1 | 5.6 | |
Attended/completed university | 69 | 45.7 | 17 | 94.4 | |
Income a | Lower | 36 | 23.5 | 2 | 10.0 |
Average | 49 | 32.0 | 3 | 15.0 | |
Above | 68 | 44.4 | 15 | 75.0 | |
Neighborhood SES b | Mean (SD) | 149 | 13.2 (3.4) | 19 | 14.4 (2.2) |
3.2. Characteristics of Smoking and Non-Smoking Families
3.3. Laboratory Batch Results
3.4. Child TSE in Smoking vs. Nonsmoking Families
3.5. The Association between Child TSE and Location in Smoking Families
3.6. The Association between Child TSE and Other Variables in Smoking Families
4. Discussion
Public Health Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 (Bivariable) n = 141 | Location | 0.34 | ||
GYO a vs. indoors | 0.83 | 0.32–2.17 | ||
Balcony vs. indoors | 0.54 | 0.23–1.29 | ||
GYO a vs. balcony | 1.54 | 0.65–3.66 | ||
Batch | Not estimable | 0.66 | ||
Model 2 (Multivariable) n = 115 | Location | 0.65 | ||
GYO a vs. indoors | 1.26 | 0.38–3.92 | ||
Balcony vs. indoors | 0.74 | 0.25–2.16 | ||
GYO a vs. balcony | 1.65 | 0.56–4.88 | ||
Batch | Not included | |||
Child Age (months) | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.06 | |
Child Sex | 0.50 | |||
Girl vs. Boy | 0.73 | 0.28–1.86 | ||
Parental Combined CPD b | 1.03 | 0.97–1.08 | 0.33 | |
Parental Smokers | 0.65 | |||
Both parents vs. one parent | 0.81 | 0.31–2.07 | ||
Parental Nationality | 0.29 | |||
Both Israeli born vs. not both Israeli born | 0.58 | 0.22–1.58 | ||
Maternal Education c | 0.86 | |||
Not academic vs. academic | 1.11 | 0.37–3.30 | ||
Paternal Education c | 0.001 | |||
Not academic vs. academic | 5.96 | 2.00–17.81 | ||
Monthly household income | 0.20 | |||
Average or below average vs. above average | 0.51 | 0.18–1.42 | ||
Neighborhood SES | 1.05 | 0.90–1.21 | 0.53 |
n, Model R2 | Least Squared Mean/Beta [SE] | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 3 (Bivariable, controlling for batch) | 141, 0.32 | |||
Location | 0.46 | |||
GYO a | −2.27 | |||
Balcony | −2.49 | |||
Indoors | −2.11 | |||
Batch | Range:−0.63,−3.86 | <0.001 | ||
Model 4 (Multivariable) | 115, 0.43 | Location | 0.87 | |
GYO a | −2.42 | |||
LSM Balcony | −2.56 | |||
LSM Indoors | −2.41 | |||
Batch | Range: −5.06–−0.78 | <0.001 | ||
Child Age (months) | −0.008 [0.006] | 0.21 | ||
Child Sex | 0.22 | |||
Girl | −2.63 | |||
Boy | −2.29 | |||
Parental Combined CPD b | 0.03 [0.016] | 0.04 | ||
Parental Smokers | 0.30 | |||
Both parents smoke | −2.31 | |||
One parent smokes | −2.62 | |||
Parental Nationality | 0.47 | |||
Both Israeli born | −2.36 | |||
Not both Israeli born | −2.57 | |||
Maternal Education c | 0.42 | |||
Not Academic | −2.59 | |||
Academic | −2.34 | |||
Paternal Education c | 0.002 | |||
Not academic | −1.97 | |||
Academic | −2.96 | |||
Monthly household income | 0.67 | |||
Average or below average | −2.53 | |||
Above average | −2.40 | |||
Neighborhood SES | 0.004 [0.045] | 0.92 |
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Rosen, L.J.; Zucker, D.M.; Gravely, S.; Bitan, M.; Rule, A.M.; Myers, V. Tobacco Smoke Exposure According to Location of Home Smoking in Israel: Findings from the Project Zero Exposure Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043523
Rosen LJ, Zucker DM, Gravely S, Bitan M, Rule AM, Myers V. Tobacco Smoke Exposure According to Location of Home Smoking in Israel: Findings from the Project Zero Exposure Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043523
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosen, Laura J., David M. Zucker, Shannon Gravely, Michal Bitan, Ana M. Rule, and Vicki Myers. 2023. "Tobacco Smoke Exposure According to Location of Home Smoking in Israel: Findings from the Project Zero Exposure Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043523