Co-Occurring Conduct Problems and Anxiety: Implications for the Functioning and Treatment of Youth with Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Latent Profile Classification Measures
Parental and Teacher Ratings
Self-Ratings
2.2.2. External Validator Measures
Clinician Ratings
Parental Ratings
Teacher Ratings
Self-Ratings
3. Treatment
4. Statistical Analysis
5. Results
5.1. Latent Profile Classification
5.2. Global Functioning and Treatment Outcomes
5.2.1. Clinician Ratings
5.2.2. Parental Ratings
5.2.3. Teacher Ratings
5.2.4. Self-Ratings
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categorical Variables | N (%) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Female | 49 (36.6) |
Male | 85 (63.4) |
Race | |
White | 112 (83.6) |
Non-white | 22 (16.4) |
Comorbid anxiety disorder | |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 30 (22.39) |
Separation anxiety disorder | 16 (11.94) |
Social phobia | 23 (17.16) |
Specific phobia | 26 (19.40) |
Comorbid ADHD | 89 (66.4) |
Continuous Variables | M (SD) |
Age in years | 9.67 (1.82) |
ODD CSR | 5.99 (1.05) |
CGAS | 59.37 (5.89) |
Maternal-reported CD symptoms | 1.93 (1.74) |
Paternal-reported CD symptoms | 1.21 (1.44) |
Number of Classes | Number of Free Parameters | Log Likelihood | AIC | BIC | ABIC | BLRT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 16 | −2674.35 | 5380.70 | 5427.07 | 5376.46 | - |
2 | 25 | −2644.15 | 5338.30 | 5410.74 | 5331.66 | <0.001 |
3 | 34 | −2623.92 | 5315.84 | 5414.37 | 5306.82 | <0.001 |
4 | 43 | −2608.53 | 5303.06 | 5427.67 | 5291.65 | 0.0128 |
Profile 1 Low Anx/Mod CP | Profile 2 High Anx/Mod CP | Profile 3 Mod Anx/Mod CP | Profile 4 Mod Anx/High CP | Pairwise | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | Comparisons | |
Clinician ratings | |||||||||
ANX CSR pre | 2.82 | 2.68 | 4.05 | 2.51 | 3.22 | 2.67 | 4.35 | 2.43 | - |
ODD CSR pre | 5.81 | 1.12 | 6.18 | 1.01 | 5.86 | 1.20 | 6.30 | 1.18 | - |
ODD CSR post | 3.85 | 2.83 | 3.52 | 2.76 | 3.18 | 2.73 | 4.37 | 3.09 | - |
ODD CSR 6-month | 3.89 | 3.74 | 3.46 | 3.48 | 3.14 | 2.59 | 4.95 | 2.53 | - |
ODD CSR 1-year | 3.71 | 3.54 | 3.94 | 4.19 | 2.98 | 3.00 | 6.16 | 2.38 | 4 > 1, 2, 3 |
CGAS pre | 60.10 | 5.64 | 57.80 | 6.31 | 61.50 | 7.14 | 56.60 | 5.01 | 1, 3 > 4; 3 > 2 |
CGAS post | 67.18 | 10.41 | 67.41 | 8.77 | 68.99 | 11.63 | 63.89 | 8.96 | - |
CGAS 6-month | 66.44 | 16.82 | 67.73 | 17.61 | 68.66 | 12.45 | 51.56 | 20.81 | - |
CGAS 1-year | 66.66 | 11.96 | 65.29 | 17.73 | 72.00 | 15.25 | 57.22 | 15.15 | 1, 3 > 4 |
Maternal Ratings | |||||||||
ODD symptoms | 5.42 | 2.05 | 5.74 | 2.03 | 5.63 | 2.01 | 6.43 | 2.31 | - |
CD symptoms | 1.87 | 1.92 | 1.84 | 1.78 | 1.68 | 1.95 | 2.57 | 2.55 | - |
Externalizing problems | 71.40 | 11.60 | 72.30 | 9.30 | 69.00 | 10.90 | 85.30 | 10.30 | 4 >1, 2, 3 |
Aggression | 69.79 | 12.76 | 71.01 | 10.99 | 68.47 | 11.62 | 77.56 | 16.15 | - |
Lability | 35.10 | 6.87 | 38.60 | 6.14 | 36.60 | 6.07 | 40.2 | 6.98 | 2, 4 > 1 |
Negative emotionality | 10.25 | 2.28 | 11.64 | 1.98 | 11.17 | 2.19 | 11.78 | 3.02 | - |
Emotional self-control | 8.45 | 3.56 | 10.90 | 3.56 | 9.94 | 3.54 | 12.30 | 3.27 | 2, 4 > 1; 4 > 3 |
Proactive aggression | 16.23 | 3.86 | 16.60 | 3.27 | 16.45 | 4.07 | 19.06 | 3.14 | - |
Reactive aggression | 14.45 | 2.26 | 15.55 | 2.09 | 15.26 | 2.02 | 15.79 | 2.09 | - |
Executive functioning | 67.55 | 10.63 | 71.36 | 9.74 | 69.25 | 8.96 | 73.54 | 11.73 | - |
Self-regulation | 41.62 | 7.03 | 43.52 | 6.18 | 42.14 | 7.29 | 43.16 | 10.27 | - |
Paternal Ratings | |||||||||
ODD symptoms | 3.89 | 2.59 | 5.35 | 2.87 | 3.56 | 2.46 | 5.71 | 3.88 | 2 > 1, 3; 4 > 3 |
CD symptoms | 1.04 | 1.54 | 1.78 | 2.42 | .72 | 1.35 | 2.41 | 2.45 | 2 > 3; 4 > 3, 1 |
Externalizing problems | 65.00 | 8.88 | 71.90 | 11.00 | 62.00 | 10.40 | 81.70 | 13.30 | 4 > 2 > 1, 3 |
Aggression | 63.10 | 9.72 | 68.60 | 12.30 | 61.40 | 9.92 | 73.50 | 17.90 | 2, 4 > 1, 3 |
Lability | 33.90 | 7.13 | 38.90 | 6.03 | 35.00 | 7.52 | 40.80 | 11.30 | 2, 4 > 1, 3 |
Negative emotionality | 9.00 | 2.53 | 11.00 | 2.07 | 8.99 | 2.59 | 10.10 | 4.53 | 2 > 1, 3 |
Emotional self-control | 7.63 | 3.24 | 10.60 | 3.44 | 8.17 | 3.16 | 10.20 | 4.84 | 2 > 1, 3; 4 > 1 |
Proactive aggression | 15.00 | 3.18 | 15.80 | 3.16 | 15.00 | 4.55 | 19.30 | 4.71 | 4 > 1, 2, 3 |
Reactive aggression | 13.59 | 2.85 | 14.91 | 2.81 | 14.02 | 3.18 | 16.02 | 3.46 | - |
Executive functioning | 64.20 | 12.20 | 70.30 | 10.10 | 65.30 | 11.90 | 72.60 | 15.60 | 2, 4 > 1 |
Self-regulation | 36.30 | 9.78 | 41.50 | 8.95 | 37.10 | 9.23 | 42.90 | 14.50 | 2 > 1, 3 |
Teacher Ratings | |||||||||
Externalizing problems | 59.90 | 16.30 | 59.10 | 18.00 | 53.50 | 15.60 | 72.00 | 17.80 | 4 > 1, 2, 3 |
Aggression | 61.00 | 19.50 | 59.10 | 22.70 | 53.90 | 16.40 | 67.80 | 22.00 | 4 > 3 |
School problems | 53.10 | 9.72 | 54.70 | 13.50 | 51.60 | 13.80 | 63.60 | 9.64 | 4 > 1, 2, 3 |
Social skills | 38.20 | 13.40 | 45.40 | 14.20 | 47.20 | 16.00 | 40.50 | 13.70 | 2, 3 > 1 |
Learning problems | 48.60 | 10.60 | 52.30 | 15.30 | 49.20 | 12.30 | 60.00 | 13.50 | 4 > 1, 3 |
Study skills | 42.20 | 11.20 | 45.40 | 14.20 | 48.00 | 12.70 | 36.80 | 10.60 | 3 > 1, 4; 2 > 4 |
Self-Report | |||||||||
Proactive aggression | 12.60 | 2.72 | 12.10 | 2.53 | 11.60 | 2.21 | 14.7 | 3.49 | 4 > 1, 2, 3 |
Reactive aggression | 8.85 | 2.27 | 8.92 | 2.41 | 8.29 | 2.40 | 10.7 | 3.05 | 4 > 1, 2, 3 |
Self-concept | 40.10 | 11.80 | 42.90 | 10.70 | 44.60 | 11.30 | 34.9 | 13.70 | 2, 3 > 4 |
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Halldorsdottir, T.; Fraire, M.G.; Drabick, D.A.G.; Ollendick, T.H. Co-Occurring Conduct Problems and Anxiety: Implications for the Functioning and Treatment of Youth with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043405
Halldorsdottir T, Fraire MG, Drabick DAG, Ollendick TH. Co-Occurring Conduct Problems and Anxiety: Implications for the Functioning and Treatment of Youth with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043405
Chicago/Turabian StyleHalldorsdottir, Thorhildur, Maria G Fraire, Deborah A. G. Drabick, and Thomas H. Ollendick. 2023. "Co-Occurring Conduct Problems and Anxiety: Implications for the Functioning and Treatment of Youth with Oppositional Defiant Disorder" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043405
APA StyleHalldorsdottir, T., Fraire, M. G., Drabick, D. A. G., & Ollendick, T. H. (2023). Co-Occurring Conduct Problems and Anxiety: Implications for the Functioning and Treatment of Youth with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043405