Impacts of the Attachment and Child Health (ATTACHTM) Parenting Program on Mothers and Their Children at Risk of Maltreatment: Phase 2 Results
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Parental RF and Executive Function of Parents and Children
1.2. Parental RF and Child Development
1.3. Parental RF and Children’s Behavioural and Sleep Problems
1.4. Parental RF and Parents’ Perceived Social Support
1.5. ATTACH™ for Children at Risk of Maltreatment
1.6. Research Aims of Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Outline of the ATTACHTM Intervention
2.2. Samples
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Parental Outcome Measures
2.3.2. Child Outcome Measures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.1.1. ATTACHTM Pilot Studies #4 and #5
3.1.2. ATTACHTM Pilot Studies #6 and #7
3.1.3. Comparisons between Samples
3.2. Outcomes
3.2.1. RCTs (ATTACHTM Pilot Studies #4 and #6)
3.2.2. QES (ATTACHTM Pilots #5 and #7)
4. Discussion
4.1. Impact of ATTACHTM on Parental RF and Mindfulness
4.2. Impact of ATTACHTM on Parental Perceptions of Social Support
4.3. Impact of ATTACHTM on Parental Executive Function
4.4. Impact of ATTACHTM on Child Development and Behavioural Problems
4.5. Impacts of ATTACHTM on Child Executive Function
4.6. Strengths and Limitations
4.7. Implications for Practice and/or Further Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | Percent or Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 14 | 30.8 (7.55) |
Relationship to Child | ||
Mother | 13 | 92.9% |
Grandmother | 1 | 7.2% |
Ethnicity | ||
African | 1 | 7.2% |
Caucasian | 9 | 64.3% |
Hispanic | 1 | 7.2% |
Indigenous | 1 | 7.2% |
Mixed ethnicity | 2 | 14.3% |
Primary Language | ||
English | 11 | 78.6% |
Other | 3 | 21.4% |
Born in Canada | ||
No | 4 | 28.6% |
Yes | 10 | 71.4% |
Education | ||
Some high school | 4 | 28.6% |
High school diploma | 6 | 42.9% |
Some post-secondary | 4 | 28.6% |
Marital Status | ||
Partnered | 4 | 28.6% |
Single | 10 | 71.4% |
Employment Status | ||
Full-time | 8 | 57.1% |
Maternity leave | 1 | 7.2% |
Unemployed/not in the workforce | 4 | 28.6% |
Missing | 1 | 7.2% |
n | Percent or Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|
Age (Months) | 14 | 25.0 (6.60) |
Gender | ||
Male | 8 | 57.1% |
Female | 6 | 42.9% |
Ethnicity | ||
African | 2 | 14.3% |
Caucasian | 9 | 64.3% |
Indigenous | 1 | 7.2% |
Mixed ethnicity | 2 | 14.3% |
Primary Language | ||
English | 14 | 100% |
Variable | n | Percent or Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 20 | 31.6 (4.96) |
Relationship to Child | ||
Caregiver | 20 | 100% |
Ethnicity | ||
Afghani | 1 | 5.00% |
African | 2 | 10.0% |
Asian | 2 | 10.0% |
Caucasian | 5 | 25.0% |
Hispanic | 1 | 5.00% |
Indigenous | 7 | 35.0% |
Mixed ethnicity | 2 | 10.0% |
Primary Language | ||
English | 17 | 85.0% |
Other | 3 | 15.0% |
Born in Canada | ||
No | 7 | 35.0% |
Yes | 13 | 65.0% |
Education | ||
Less than high school | 2 | 10.0% |
Some high school | 4 | 20.0% |
High school diploma | 6 | 30.0% |
Some college | 8 | 40.0% |
Marital Status | ||
Partnered | 1 | 5.00% |
Single | 19 | 95.0% |
Employment Status | ||
Part-time | 4 | 20.0% |
Full-time student | 1 | 5.00% |
Unemployed/not in workforce | 14 | 70.0% |
Other | 1 | 5.00% |
n | Percent or Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|
Age (Months) | 20 | 30.8 (17.5) |
Gender | ||
Male | 9 | 45.0% |
Female | 11 | 55.0% |
Ethnicity | ||
Afghani | 1 | 5.00% |
African | 2 | 10.0% |
Asian | 2 | 10.0% |
Caucasian | 5 | 25.0% |
Hispanic | 1 | 5.00% |
Indigenous | 2 | 10.0% |
Mixed ethnicity | 5 | 25.0% |
Pacific Island | 2 | 1.00% |
Primary Language | ||
English | 17 | 85.0% |
Non-English | 3 | 15.0% |
n | Control Group | Intervention Group | t | p | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | |||||
Parental Outcome Measures | ||||||
PRFQ (Interest and Curiosity in Mental States Subscale) | 31 | 5.14 | 5.71 | 1.81 | 0.020 * | 0.65 |
1.07 | 0.63 | |||||
PRFQ (Pre-Mentalizing) | 31 | 2.53 | 2.08 | −1.27 | 0.053 | 0.46 |
1.08 | 0.88 | |||||
PRFQ (Certainty of Mental States) | 31 | 4.28 | 4.22 | −0.13 | 0.224 | 0.05 |
1.38 | 1.07 | |||||
FFMQ (Observing Subscale) | 31 | 25.69 | 26.07 | 0.18 | 0.215 | 0.06 |
5.74 | 6.31 | |||||
FFMQ (Describing Subscale) | 31 | 28.38 | 26.47 | −0.87 | 0.100 | 0.31 |
6.38 | 5.79 | |||||
FFMQ (Acting with Awareness Subscale) | 31 | 29.25 | 26 | −1.49 | 0.074 | 0.54 |
7.05 | 4.8 | |||||
FFMQ (Non-Judging of Inner Experiences Subscale) | 31 | 25.81 | 25.8 | −0.01 | 0.249 | 0.00 |
7.11 | 6.52 | |||||
FFMQ (Non-Reactivity to Inner Experiences Subscale) | 31 | 20.81 | 21.07 | 0.07 | 0.224 | 0.05 |
6.3 | 3.71 | |||||
SSE-Q (Total Score) | 29 | 33.73 | 34.07 | 0.07 | 0.237 | 0.03 |
11.63 | 15.23 | |||||
BRIEF-A (Global Executive Composite Score) | 31 | 38.19 | 47.13 | 0.76 | 0.114 | 0.27 |
36.74 | 28.29 | |||||
Child Outcome Measures | ||||||
ASQ-3 (Communication Skills Subscale) | 30 | 43.44 | 45.71 | 0.41 | 0.172 | 0.15 |
13 | 17.64 | |||||
ASQ-3 (Problem-Solving Skills Subscale) | 30 | 41.25 | 51.79 | 2.04 | 0.025 * | 0.76 |
17.17 | 9.52 | |||||
ASQ-3 (Personal–Social Skills Subscale) | 30 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 0.192 | 0.44 |
0.05 | 0.04 | |||||
ASQ-3 (Fine Motor Skills Subscale) | 30 | 35.94 | 48.93 | 2.2 | 0.018 * | 0.81 |
16.66 | 15.46 | |||||
ASQ-3 (Gross Motor Skills Subscale) | 30 | 35.94 | 48.93 | −0.26 | 0.130 | 0.81 |
16.65 | 15.46 | |||||
CBCL (Anxious/Depressed Subscale) | 31 | 2.69 | 2.73 | −0.05 | 0.479 | 0.21 |
1.99 | 2.71 | |||||
CBCL (Sleep Problems Subscale) | 31 | 1.81 | 1.20 | 0.86 | 0.199 | 0.30 |
2.37 | 1.47 | |||||
CBCL (Attention Problems Subscale) | 31 | 2.31 | 2.33 | −0.03 | 0.488 | 0.01 |
2.47 | 1.35 | |||||
CBCL (Aggressive Behaviour Subscale) | 31 | 6.88 | 7.53 | −0.29 | 0.385 | 0.01 |
7.00 | 5.30 | |||||
CBCL (Externalizing Problems Total Score) | 31 | 9.19 | 9.87 | 0.25 | 0.202 | 0.09 |
9.14 | 5.78 | |||||
CBCL (Internalizing Problems Total Score) | 31 | 8.31 | 10.67 | 0.93 | 0.091 | 0.33 |
7.52 | 6.57 | |||||
BRIEF-P (Total Score) | 31 | 27.75 | 30.07 | 0.34 | 0.185 | 0.12 |
21.8 | 15.92 |
n | Baseline | Post-Intervention | t | p | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | |||||
Parental Outcome Measures | ||||||
PRFQ (Interest and Curiosity in Mental States Subscale) | 13 | 5.19 | 5.9 | −2.04 | 0.032 * | 0.57 |
1.18 | 0.8 | |||||
PRFQ (Pre-Mentalizing) | 13 | 2.37 | 2.15 | 0.44 | 0.167 | 0.12 |
0.94 | 1.33 | |||||
PRFQ (Certainty of Mental States) | 13 | 4.42 | 4.47 | −0.16 | 0.218 | 0.04 |
1.35 | 1.69 | |||||
FFMQ (Observing Subscale) | 13 | 25.77 | 23.46 | 0.92 | 0.094 | 0.26 |
5.95 | 9.55 | |||||
FFMQ (Describing Subscale) | 13 | 27.69 | 27.08 | 0.36 | 0.182 | 0.1 |
6.21 | 5.68 | |||||
FFMQ (Acting with Awareness Subscale) | 13 | 30.15 | 29.85 | 0.19 | 0.214 | 0.05 |
6.91 | 8.3 | |||||
FFMQ (Non-Judging of Inner Experiences Subscale) | 13 | 26.85 | 29.08 | −1.07 | 0.249 | 0.3 |
6.32 | 7.19 | |||||
FFMQ (Non-Reactivity to Inner Experiences Subscale) | 13 | 20.85 | 18.15 | 1.04 | 0.076 | 0.29 |
7.01 | 7.82 | |||||
5.06 | 4.03 | |||||
SSE-Q (Total Score) | 13 | 47.08 | 55.54 | 1.95 | 0.037 * | 0.54 |
18.43 | 11.66 | |||||
BRIEF-A (Global Executive Composite Score) | 13 | 33.1 | 22.6 | 2.31 | 0.020 * | 0.64 |
32.7 | 29.8 | |||||
Child Outcome Measures | ||||||
ASQ-3 (Communication Skills Subscale) | 14 | 45.71 | 52.14 | −2.86 | 0.006 * | 0.76 |
11.91 | 12.35 | |||||
ASQ-3 (Problem-Solving Skills Subscale) | 14 | 42.5 | 53.21 | −2.84 | 0.007 * | 0.76 |
18.05 | 12.49 | |||||
ASQ-3 (Personal–Social Skills Subscale) | 14 | 50.71 | 55 | −1.79 | 0.048 * | 0.48 |
8.51 | 9.2 | |||||
ASQ-3 (Fine Motor Skills Subscale) | 14 | 37.5 | 43.21 | −1.23 | 0.060 | 0.33 |
17.29 | 15.89 | |||||
ASQ-3 (Gross Motor Skills Subscale) | 14 | 51.79 | 51.07 | 0.2 | 0.212 | 0.05 |
12.5 | 9.44 | |||||
CBCL (Anxious/Depressed Subscale) | 13 | 2.38 | 1.46 | 2.22 | 0.023 * | 0.62 |
1.80 | 1.45 | |||||
CBCL (Sleep Problems Subscale) | 13 | 1.92 | 0.92 | 1.88 | 0.042 * | 0.52 |
2.46 | 1.32 | |||||
CBCL (Attention Problems Subscale) | 13 | 2.46 | 1.46 | 2.66 | 0.010 * | 0.74 |
2.60 | 1.61 | |||||
CBCL (Aggressive Behaviour Subscale) | 13 | 7.08 | 4.62 | 1.81 | 0.048 * | 0.5 |
7.24 | 4.35 | |||||
CBCL (Externalizing Problems Total Score) | 13 | 9.54 | 6.08 | 2.31 | 0.020 * | 0.64 |
9.45 | 5.48 | |||||
CBCL (Internalizing Problems Total Score) | 13 | 7.54 | 10.67 | 0.93 | 0.147 | 0.26 |
7.52 | 6.57 | |||||
BRIEF-P (Total Score) | 13 | 27.38 | 23.54 | 0.73 | 0.120 | 0.2 |
22.24 | 23.76 |
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Letourneau, N.; Anis, L.; Novick, J.; Pohl, C.; Ntanda, H.; Hart, M. Impacts of the Attachment and Child Health (ATTACHTM) Parenting Program on Mothers and Their Children at Risk of Maltreatment: Phase 2 Results. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043078
Letourneau N, Anis L, Novick J, Pohl C, Ntanda H, Hart M. Impacts of the Attachment and Child Health (ATTACHTM) Parenting Program on Mothers and Their Children at Risk of Maltreatment: Phase 2 Results. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043078
Chicago/Turabian StyleLetourneau, Nicole, Lubna Anis, Jason Novick, Carrie Pohl, Henry Ntanda, and Martha Hart. 2023. "Impacts of the Attachment and Child Health (ATTACHTM) Parenting Program on Mothers and Their Children at Risk of Maltreatment: Phase 2 Results" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043078