How to Test the On-Ice Aerobic Capacity of Speed Skaters? An On-Ice Incremental Skating Test for Young Skaters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Participants and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Design
2.2.1. On-Ice Aerobic Capacity Test
2.2.2. Cycling Aerobic Capacity Test
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. On-Ice Aerobic Testing for Different Sexes Athletes
3.2. On-Ice Aerobic Testing for Elite Male Athletes of Different Levels
3.3. Comparison of Cycling Aerobic Test and On-Ice Aerobic Tests
3.4. Establishment of On-Ice Ventilation Threshold Heart Rate Speculation Formula
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The OIST established in this study meets the characteristics and requirements of the maximal oxygen uptake test method. Evaluation of different levels of athletes and different testing methods found that OIST can evaluate the aerobic capacity of athletes skating on ice.
- The peak maximal oxygen uptake and ventilation threshold-related indexes of the athlete on-ice aerobic test were significantly lower than those of the cycling aerobic test but had a good correlation. The cycling test can be an important selection index for speed skaters’ on-ice aerobic capacity.
- There are significant differences between on-ice and cycling ventilation threshold heart rates. This study established a regression formula for on-ice ventilation threshold heart rate with cycling test maximum heart rate as the independent variable. The findings will provide a basis for coaches to accurately monitor on-ice training intensity.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | n | Age (y) | Height (cm) | Body Weight (kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 51 | 15.97 ± 1.33 | 171.38 ± 24.08 | 61.90 ± 8.01 |
Female | 14 | 15.14 ± 1.26 | 165.49 ± 5.66 | 54.43 ± 5.05 |
Total | 65 | 15.80 ± 1.35 | 170.17 ± 21.69 | 60.36 ± 8.06 |
Category | n | Age (y) | Height (cm) | Body Weight (kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
National level | 8 | 16.54 ± 1.21 | 173.63 ± 1.85 | 62.49 ± 3.11 |
Level 1 | 10 | 15.90 ± 1.24 | 175.05 ± 4.44 | 63.08 ± 6.83 |
Male, National Level | Male, Level 1 | Male, Level 2 | Female, National Level | Female, Level 1 | Female, Level 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preparation | 50 s/lap | 50 s/lap | 50 s/lap | 50 s/lap | 50 s/lap | 50 s/lap |
Level 1 | 41 s/lap | 42 s/lap | 43 s/lap | 42 s/lap | 43 s/lap | 44 s/lap |
Level 2 | 40 s/lap | 41 s/lap | 42 s/lap | 41 s/lap | 42 s/lap | 43 s/lap |
Level 3 | 39 s/lap | 40 s/lap | 41 s/lap | 40 s/lap | 41 s/lap | 42 s/lap |
Level 4 | 38 s/lap | 39 s/lap | 40 s/lap | 39 s/lap | 40 s/lap | 41 s/lap |
Level 5 | 37 s/lap | 38 s/lap | 39 s/lap | 38 s/lap | 39 s/lap | 40 s/lap |
… | … | … | … | … | … | … |
Level | Power (W) | Duration (min) | Rpm (r/min) |
---|---|---|---|
Rest | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Level 1 | 0 | 1 | 70 |
Level 2 | 150 | 3 | 70 |
Level 3 | 200 | 3 | 70 |
Level 4 | 250 | 3 | 70 |
Level 5 | 300 | 3 | 70 |
… | … | 3 | 70 |
Recovery | 50 | 3 | / |
Indicator | Male (n = 51) | Female (n = 14) |
---|---|---|
Absolute VO2max (L/min) | 3.16 ± 0.37 | 2.37 ± 0.18 ** |
RelativeVO2max (mL/kg/min) | 51.50 ± 5.19 | 44.10 ± 4.51 ** |
V VO2max (s/lap) | 37.44 ± 2.12 | 38.41 ± 2.57 |
HRmax | 192.86 ± 7.89 | 189.50 ± 11.75 |
Absolute VT (L/min) | 2.57 ± 0.32 | 2.06 ± 0.23 ** |
Relative VT (mL/kg/min) | 41.85 ± 4.03 | 37.93 ± 4.57 ** |
VT/VO2max (%) | 89.83 ± 4.81 | 84.02 ± 6.21 |
V VT(s/lap) | 41.33 ± 1.78 | 42.29 ± 2.64 |
HRVT | 177.30 ± 12.75 | 168.80 ± 15.18 |
Indicator | 1500 m (n = 54) | 3000 m (n = 27) | 5000 m (n = 33) |
---|---|---|---|
Absolute VO2max (L/min) | −0.670 ** | −0.638 ** | −0.261 |
RelativeVO2max (mL/kg/min) | −0.583 ** | −0.715 ** | −0.354 * |
V VO2max (s/lap) | 0.660 ** | 0.719 ** | 0.805 ** |
Absolute VT (L/min) | −0.647 ** | −0.639 ** | −0.190 |
Relative VT (mL/kg/min) | −0.592 ** | −0.763 ** | −0.291 |
V VT(s/lap) | 0.683 ** | 0.737 ** | 0.672 ** |
Indicator | National-Level (n = 8) | Level-1 (n = 10) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Absolute VO2max (L/min) | 3.40 ± 0.22 | 3.39 ± 0.34 | 0.961 |
Relative VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 54.50 ± 3.16 | 54.00 ± 4.14 | 0.782 |
HRmax (b/min) | 198.36 ± 6.48 | 194.60 ± 6.80 | 0.250 |
V VO2max (s/lap) | 34.88 ± 1.17 | 36.33 ± 1.34 * | 0.028 |
Total Test Duration (s) | 848.38 ± 87.02 | 821.50 ± 87.80 | 0.526 |
RER | 1.16 ± 0.07 | 1.11 ± 0.05 | 0.081 |
Absolute VT (L/min) | 2.74 ± 0.32 | 2.72 ± 0.28 | 0.925 |
Relative VT (mL/kg/min) | 43.88 ± 3.14 | 43.500 ± 2.59 | 0.785 |
VT/VO2max (%) | 80.88 ± 8.53 | 80.58 ± 2.96 | 0.918 |
HRVT (b/min) | 188.14 ± 8.08 | 172.71 ± 9.84 ** | 0.000 |
V VT (s/lap) | 38.88 ± 1.46 | 41.10 ± 1.37 ** | 0.004 |
Indicator | Cycling Aerobic Test | OIST | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Absolute VO2max (L/min) | 4.06 ± 0.59 | 3.41 ± 0.32 ** | 0.000 |
Relative VO2max (mL/kg/min). | 65.07 ± 8.65 | 54.64 ± 3.93 ** | 0.000 |
HRmax (b/min) | 197.5 ± 7.75 | 195.64 ± 6.48 | 0.198 |
RER | 1.06 ± 0.06 | 1.12 ± 0.06 | 0.943 |
Absolute VT (L/min) | 3.62 ± 0.55 | 2.75 ± 0.30 ** | 0.000 |
Relative VT (mL/kg/min) | 57.93 ± 7.69 | 44.00 ± 2.83 ** | 0.000 |
VT/VO2max (%) | 89.48 ± 6.57 | 80.69 ± 6.35 ** | 0.004 |
HRVT | 188.14 ± 8.08 | 172.71 ± 9.84 ** | 0.000 |
Indicator | Correlation Coefficient | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Absolute VO2max (L/min) | 0.532 * | 0.050 |
Relative VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 0.423 | 0.131 |
HRmax (b/min) | 0.754 ** | 0.002 |
RER | 0.584 * | 0.028 |
Absolute VT (L/min) | 0.357 | 0.210 |
Relative VT (mL/kg/min) | −0.029 | 0.922 |
VT/VO2max (%) | 0.388 | 0.171 |
R | R2 | Adjusted R2 | Durbin-Watson |
---|---|---|---|
0.726 | 0.527 | 0.488 | 1.907 |
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Kong, Z.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, M.; Jia, X.; Yu, J.; Feng, J.; Zhang, S. How to Test the On-Ice Aerobic Capacity of Speed Skaters? An On-Ice Incremental Skating Test for Young Skaters. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042995
Kong Z, Zhang H, Zhang M, Jia X, Yu J, Feng J, Zhang S. How to Test the On-Ice Aerobic Capacity of Speed Skaters? An On-Ice Incremental Skating Test for Young Skaters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):2995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042995
Chicago/Turabian StyleKong, Zhenxing, Hanyue Zhang, Mingyue Zhang, Xiao Jia, Jingjing Yu, Junpeng Feng, and Shouwei Zhang. 2023. "How to Test the On-Ice Aerobic Capacity of Speed Skaters? An On-Ice Incremental Skating Test for Young Skaters" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 2995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042995