Machine Learning Approaches for the Prediction of Hepatitis B and C Seropositivity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patient’s Characteristics | Group 1 (HVB, n = 38) | Group 3 (Control, n = 1288) | p Value | Group 2 (HVC, n = 33) | Group 3 (Control, n = 1288) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 56.05 ± 2.13 | 57.71 ± 0.47 | 0.56 | 75.54 ± 1.84 | 57.71 ± 0.47 | <0.001 |
Medium (n/%) | Urban = 9 (23.68%) | Urban = 906 (66.81%) | 0.14 | Urban = 11 (33.33%) | Urban = 448 (32.92%) | 0.96 |
Rural = 29 (76.32 %) | Rural = 450 (33.19%) | Rural = 22 (66.67%) | Rural = 913 (67.08%) | |||
Gender (n/%) | Male = 18 (47.37%) | Male = 850 (62.68%) | 0.13 | Male = 6 (18.18%) | Male = 518 (38.06%) | 0.01 |
Female = 20 (52.63%) | Female = 506 (37.32%) | Female = 27 (81.82%) | Female = 843 (61.94%) | |||
Level of education (n/%) | ISCED 1 = 1 (2.63%) | ISCED 1 = 10 (0.74%) | 0.21 | ISCED 1 = 1 (3.03%) | ISCED 1 = 10 (0.74%) | 0.02 |
ISCED 2 = 12 (31.58%) | ISCED 2 = 438 (32.30%) | ISCED 2 = 6 (18.18%) | ISCED 2= 444 (32.62%) | |||
ISCED 3 = 14 (36.84%) | ISCED 3 = 371 (27.36%) | ISCED 3 = 15 (45.45%) | ISCED 3 = 370 (27.19%) | |||
ISCED 4 = 9 (23.68%) | ISCED 4 = 472 (34.81%) | ISCED 4 = 8 (24.24%) | ISCED 4 = 473 (34.75%) | |||
ISCED 5 = 1 (2.63%) | ISCED 5 = 15 (1.11%) | ISCED 5 = 0 (0%) | ISCED 5 = 16 (1.18%) | |||
ISCED 6 = 1 (2.63%) | ISCED 6 = 50 (3.69%) | ISCED 6 = 13 (9.09%) | ISCED 6 = 48 (3.53%) | |||
Marital status (n/%) | Married = 27 (71.05%) | Married = 1042 (76.84%) | <0.001 | Married = 14 (42.42%) | Married = 1042 (76.84%) | <0.001 |
Unmarried = 4 (10.53%) | Unmarried = 268 (19.76%) | Unmarried = 1 (3.03%) | Unmarried = 268 (19.76%) | |||
Widowed = 5 (13.16%) | Widowed = 35 (2.58%) | Widowed = 16 (48.48%) | Widowed = 35 (2.58%) | |||
Divorced = 1 (2.63%) | Divorced = 0 (0%) | Divorced = 0 (0%) | Divorced = 0 (0%) | |||
Others = 0 (0%) | Others = 9 (0.66 %) | Others = 0 (0%) | Others = 9 (0.66 %) | |||
Undeclared = 1 (2.63%) | Undeclared = 2 (0.15%) | Undeclared = 1 (2.63%) | Undeclared = 2 (0.15%) | |||
Employment status (n/%) | Self-employed = 3 (7.89%) | Self-employed = 18 (1.32%) | 0.01 | Self-employed = 2 (6.06%) | Self-employed = 18 (1.32%) | 0.10 |
Employed = 10 (26.32%) | Employed = 3 (9.09%) | Employed = 4 (10.53%) | Employed = 3 (9.09%) | |||
Unemployed = 0 (0%) | Unemployed = 11 (0.81%) | Unemployed = 0 (0%) | Unemployed = 11 (0.81%) | |||
Inactive = 25 (65.79%) | Inactive = 1089 (80.01%) | Inactive = 28 (84.85%) | Inactive = 1089 (80.01%) | |||
Vulnerability due to work (n/%) | Agricultural worker = 3 (7.89%) | Agricultural worker = 11 (0.81%) | <0.001 | Agricultural worker = 0 (0%) | Agricultural worker = 3 (7.89%) | 0.003 |
Unassured = 3 (7.89%) | Unassured = 200 (14.75%) | Unassured = 0 (0%) | Unassured = 3 (7.89%) | |||
Vulnerability due to special situations/%) | Single parents = 4 (10.53%) | Single parents = 32 (2.36%) | 0.18 | Single parents = 0 (0%) | Single parents = 32 (2.36%) | 0.06 |
Previous foster care = 0 (0%) | Previous foster care = 24 (1.77%) | Previous foster care = 2 (6.06%) | Previous foster care = 24 (1.77%) | |||
Addicts = 0 (0%) | Addicts = 3 (0.22%) | Addicts = 0 (0%) | Addicts = 3 (0.22%) | |||
Domestic violence victims = 0 (0%) | Domestic violence victims = 14 (1.03%) | Domestic violence victims = 0 (0%) | Domestic violence victims = 14 (1.03%) | |||
Human trafficking victims = 0 (0%) | Human trafficking victims = 11 (0.81%) | Human trafficking victims = 0 (0%) | Human trafficking victims = 11 (0.81%) | |||
Minimal wage = 9 (23.68%) | Minimal wage = 265 (19.54%) | Minimal wage = 1 (3.03%) | Minimal wage = 265 (19.54%) | |||
Disabled = 1 (2.63%) | Disabled = 25 (21.84%) | Disabled = 1 (3.03%) | Disabled = 25 (21.84%) |
Question Resume | Group 1 (HBV, n = 38) | Group 3 (Control, n = 1288) | p Value | Group 2 (HCV, n = 33) | Group 3 (Control, n = 1288) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccinal status for HBV (n/%) | Yes = 2 (5.26%) | Yes = 23 (1.70%) | 0.14 | Yes = 0 (0%) | Yes = 23 (1.70%) | 0.54 |
Previous diagnosis of hepatitis (n/%) | Yes = 3 (7.89 %) | Yes = 13 (0.96 %) | 0.008 | Yes = 10 (30.30%) | Yes = 13 (0.96 %) | <0.001 |
Type of hepatitis (n/%) | HBV = 1 (3.03%) | HBV = 0 (0%) | <0.001 | HBV = 3 (7.89%) | HBV = 0 (0%) | 0.01 |
HCV = 9 (27.27%) | HCV = 0 (0%) | HCV = 0 (0%) | HCV = 0 (0%) | |||
Family member diagnosed with viral hepatitis (n/%) | Yes = 11 (28.95%) | Yes = 2 (1.92%) | <0.001 | Yes = 6 (18.18%) | Yes = 2 (1.92%) | <0.001 |
Sexual partner diagnosed with viral hepatitis (n/%) | Yes = 8 (21.05%) | Yes = 31 (2.29%) | <0.001 | Yes = 4 (12.12%) | Yes = 31 (2.29%) | 0.003 |
Profession that involves contact with other people’s blood (n/%) | Yes = 4 (10.53%) | Yes = 10 (0.74%) | <0.001 | Yes = 2 (6.06%) | Yes = 10 (0.74%) | 0.04 |
Previous blood transfusions (n/%) | Yes = 3 (7.89%) | Yes = 3 (0.22%) | <0.001 | Yes = 2 (6.06%) | Yes = 3 (0.22%) | 0.008 |
Previous hemodialysis (n/%) | Yes = 2 (5.26%) | Yes = 7 (0.52%) | 0.02 | Yes = 3 (9.09%) | Yes = 7 (0.52%) | 0.001 |
Previous surgery (n/%) | Yes = 16 (42.11%) | Yes = 93 (6.86%) | <0.001 | Yes = 26 (78.79%) | Yes = 93 (6.86%) | <0.001 |
Previous hospitalization (n/%) | Yes = 22 (57.89%) | Yes = 103 (7.60%) | <0.001 | Yes = 26 (78.79%) | Yes = 93 (6.86%) | <0.001 |
Previous dental procedures (n/%) | Yes = 15 (39.47%) | Yes = 183 (6.12%) | <0.001 | Yes = 25 (75.76%) | Yes = 183 (6.12%) | <0.001 |
Previous accidents (n/%) | Yes = 2 (5.26%) | Yes = 1(0.07%) | 0.002 | Yes = 1 (3.03%) | Yes = 1(0.07%) | 0.06 |
Previous incarceration (n/%) | Yes = 1 (2.63 %) | Yes = 2 (0.15%) | 0.08 | Yes = 2 (6.06 %) | Yes = 2 (0.15%) | 0.002 |
Tattoos/piercings (n/%) | Yes = 7 (18.42%) | Yes = 137 (10.10%) | 0.08 | Yes = 12 (36.36%) | Yes = 137 (10.10%) | <0.001 |
Use of intravenous drugs (n/%) | Yes = 0 (0%) | Yes = 2 (0.15%) | 0.94 | Yes = 1 (3.03%) | Yes = 2 (0.15%) | 0.04 |
Unprotected sexual contact (n/%) | Yes = 2 (5.26 %) | Yes = 1 (0.07%) | 0.002 | Yes = 0 (0%) | Yes = 1 (0.07%) | 0.7 |
Tattoos/piercings (n/%) | Yes = 1 (2.63%) | Yes = 12 (0.88%) | 0.17 | Yes = 0 (0%) | Yes = 12 (0.88%) | 0.7 |
ML Model | Type of Hepatitis Virus | Se (%) | Sp (%) | FPR (%) | FDR (%) | Accuracy (%) | AUC Value | Precision | Recall | F1 Score | Gini |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SVM | HBV | 40 | 98.3 | 1 | 77.7 | 97.6 | 0.80 | 0.22 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.60 |
HCV | 66.6 | 97.8 | 2 | 81.8 | 97.6 | 0.89 | 0.18 | 0.67 | 0.29 | 0.78 | |
RF | HBV | 8 | 99.6 | 0.3 | 11 | 78.5 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.75 |
HCV | 55.5 | 98.5 | 1 | 54.5 | 97.6 | 0.79 | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.50 | 0.59 | |
NB | HBV | 7 | 99.3 | 0.6 | 22.2 | 78.3 | 0.78 | 0.71 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.58 |
HCV | 23 | 98 | 1 | 72.7 | 95.7 | 0.85 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.70 | |
KNN | HBV | 11.8 | 98.7 | 1 | 25 | 78.2 | 0.70 | 0.75 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.40 |
HCV | 100 | 98.1 | 1 | 72.7 | 98.1 | 0.67 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.43 | 0.35 |
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Harabor, V.; Mogos, R.; Nechita, A.; Adam, A.-M.; Adam, G.; Melinte-Popescu, A.-S.; Melinte-Popescu, M.; Stuparu-Cretu, M.; Vasilache, I.-A.; Mihalceanu, E.; et al. Machine Learning Approaches for the Prediction of Hepatitis B and C Seropositivity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032380
Harabor V, Mogos R, Nechita A, Adam A-M, Adam G, Melinte-Popescu A-S, Melinte-Popescu M, Stuparu-Cretu M, Vasilache I-A, Mihalceanu E, et al. Machine Learning Approaches for the Prediction of Hepatitis B and C Seropositivity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032380
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarabor, Valeriu, Raluca Mogos, Aurel Nechita, Ana-Maria Adam, Gigi Adam, Alina-Sinziana Melinte-Popescu, Marian Melinte-Popescu, Mariana Stuparu-Cretu, Ingrid-Andrada Vasilache, Elena Mihalceanu, and et al. 2023. "Machine Learning Approaches for the Prediction of Hepatitis B and C Seropositivity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032380