Association between Air Pollution and Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Adults Aged 60 Years or Older in China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. PA and SB Measurements
2.2.2. Environment Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. The Relationship between Air Pollution and MVPA, LPA, and SB
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | |||
---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Total | |
Sex, n (%) | 5747 (50.43) | 5649 (49.57) | 11,396 (100) |
Age (y), mean (SD) | 73.50 (6.38) | 73.67(6.82) | 73.59 (6.61) |
Nationality, n (%) | |||
Han | 5389 (47.29) | 5325 (46.73) | 10,714 (94.02) |
Minority groups | 358 (3.14) | 324 (2.84) | 682 (5.98) |
BMI, n (%) a | |||
Lean | 302(2.65) | 294(2.58) | 596 (5.23) |
Normal | 4471 (39.23) | 4128 (36.22) | 8599 (75.46) |
Overweight | 974 (8.55) | 1227(10.77) | 2201(19.31) |
Education ≤ 9 years, n (%) a | 573 (5.03) | 390 (3.42) | 963 (8.45) |
Marital status, n (%) | |||
Married | 4759 (41.76) | 3831 (33.62) | 8590 (75.38) |
Widowed | 870 (7.63) | 1747 (15.33) | 2617 (22.96) |
Divorced/separated | 56 (0.49) | 53(0.47) | 109(0.96) |
Never married | 62 (0.54) | 18 (0.16) | 80 (0.7) |
Retirement status n (%) | |||
Yes | 2359 (20.70) | 2280 (20.01) | 4639 (40.71) |
No | 3388 (29.73) | 3369 (29.56) | 6757(59.29) |
Smoking, n (%) | 2784 (24.43) | 390 (3.42) | 3174 (27.85) |
Physical health, n (%) | 5747 (50.43) | 5649 (49.57) | 11,396 (100.0) |
Fair, good, or excellent health | 4943 (43.37) | 4629 (40.62) | 9572 (83.99) |
Poor or very poor health | 794 (6.97) | 1013 (8.89) | 1807 (15.86) |
No answer | 10 (0.09) | 7 (0.06) | 17 (0.15) |
Mental health, n (%) | 5747 (50.43) | 5649 (49.57) | 11,396 (100.0) |
Good or excellent | 4645 (40.76) | 4559 (40.01) | 9204 (80.77) |
Poor | 883 (7.75) | 870 (7.63) | 1753 (15.38) |
No answer | 219 (1.92) | 220 (1.93) | 439 (3.85) |
Disease number, mean (SD) | 1.31 (1.36) | 1.50 (1.48) | 1.40 (1.42) |
PA and SB | |||
MVPA (h/week), mean (SD) a | 0.87 (2.91) | 0.73 (2.43) | 0.80 (2.68) |
LPA (h/week), Mean (SD) a | 12.48 (10.83) | 12.09 (10.62) | 12.29 (10.73) |
SB (h/week), mean (SD) a | 23.37 (12.30) | 24.13 (12.95) | 23.75 (12.63) |
Zones a | Huabei | Dongbei | Huadong | Huazhong | Huanan | Xinan | Xibei |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | n = 1558 | n = 1531 | n = 3359 | n = 1721 | n = 876 | n = 1585 | n = 766 |
MVPA (h/week), mean (SD) | 1.92 (3.55) | 0.87 (2.90) | 0.81 (2.85) | 0.42 (2.74) | 1.07 (2.09) | 0.15 (0.95) | 0.28 (1.16) |
LPA (h/week), mean (SD) | 12.00 (9.16) | 19.35 (8.54) | 9.47 (10.08) | 9.26 (10.77) | 7.10 (9.28) | 14.52 (11.26) | 19.21 (9.16) |
SB (h/week), mean (SD) | 27.00 (15.68) | 20.66 (7.80) | 24.50 (15.94) | 24.01 (10.39) | 27.22 (10.06) | 21.58 (8.58) | 19.98 (6.87) |
Air pollution | |||||||
AQI (µg/m3), mean (SD) | 94.42 (48.69) | 47.02 (14.38) | 70.63 (26.80) | 64.90 (23.35) | 63.91 (14.14) | 53.61 (18.42) | 52.24 (11.16) |
PM2.5 (µg/m3), mean (SD) | 46.98 (23.59) | 23.71 (14.49) | 29.61 (13.23) | 34.56 (19.46) | 29.20 (11.64) | 27.60 (15.31) | 21.54 (5.97) |
PM10 (µg/m3), mean (SD) | 110.94 (74.20) | 46.29 (20.13) | 66.67 (47.41) | 57.59 (27.02) | 57.32 (24.14) | 44.67 (24.04) | 47.11 (16.25) |
NO2 (µg/m3), mean (SD) | 34.77 (11.25) | 25.92 (8.77) | 26.80 (10.71) | 21.94 (8.88) | 25.78 (9.17) | 21.63 (7.64) | 28.35 (14.61) |
Environmental covariates | |||||||
Temperature (°C), mean (SD) | 16.60 (47.07) | 9.03 (6.44) | 20.27 (5.12) | 20.30 (4.05) | 23.75 (2.36) | 18.28 (4.87) | 11.86 (6.85) |
Sun (day/week), mean (SD) | 2.31 (1.35) | 1.97 (1.81) | 1.04 (1.22) | 0.96 (1.33) | 0.92 (1.68) | 1.52 (1.86) | 1.27 (1.69) |
Rain (day/week), mean (SD) | 1.44 (1.58) | 1.95 (1.56) | 2.89 (2.07) | 3.18 (1.88) | 1.98 (1.50) | 3.02 (2.02) | 3.04 (1.90) |
Dependent Variable | Men | Women | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95%CI) | n | Coefficient (95%CI) | n | Coefficient (95%CI) | n | |
AQI Moderate and Vigorous PA (h/week) | −3.48 *** (−5.19, −1.76) | 912 | −1.11 * (−2.11, −0.12) | 832 | −2.34 *** (−3.36, −1.32) | 1744 |
PM2.5 Moderate and Vigorous PA (h/week) | −3.65 *** (−5.37, −1.93) | 912 | −1.44 ** (−2.47, −0.42) | 832 | −2.58 *** (−3.61, −1.55) | 1744 |
PM10 Moderate and Vigorous PA (h/week) | −2.89 *** (−4.73, −1.05) | 912 | −1.03 (−2.10, −0.04) | 832 | −1.96 *** (−3.05, −0.86) | 1744 |
NO2 Moderate and Vigorous PA (h/week) | −1.98 ** (−3.48, −0.49) | 912 | −0.29 (−1.14, 0.55) | 832 | −1.19 ** (−2.06, −0.31) | 1744 |
Dependent Variable | Men | Women | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95%CI) | n | Coefficient (95%CI) | n | Coefficient (95%CI) | n | |
AQI LPA(h/week) | −6.35 *** (−7.87, −4.84) | 4342 | −5.78 *** (−7.35, −4.20) | 4262 | −6.06 *** (−7.15, −4.97) | 8604 |
PM2.5 LPA(h/week) | −5.21 *** (−6.62, −3.81) | 4342 | −4.48 *** (−5.94, −3.03) | 4262 | −4.86 *** (−5.88, −3.85) | 8604 |
PM10 LPA(h/week) | −5.12 *** (−6.65, −3.59) | 4342 | −4.45 *** (−6.05, −2.85) | 4262 | −4.78 *** (−5.89, −3.68) | 8604 |
NO2 LPA(h/week) | −4.38 *** (−5.75, −3.01) | 4342 | −4.79 *** (−6.20, −3.38) | 4262 | −4.59 *** (−5.57, −3.61) | 8604 |
Dependent Variable | Men | Women | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95%CI) | n | Coefficient (95%CI) | n | Coefficient (95%CI) | n | |
AQI Sedentary Behavior (h/week) | 1.11 ** (0.35, 1.88) | 5747 | 1.54 *** (0.73, 2.34) | 5649 | 1.32 *** (0.77, 1.88) | 11,396 |
PM2.5 Sedentary Behavior (h/week) | 0.55 (−0.17, 1.27) | 5747 | 0.68 * (0.08, 1.44) | 5649 | 0.62 * (0.09, 1.14) | 11,396 |
PM10 Sedentary Behavior (h/week) | 0.81 * (0.04, 1.58) | 5747 | 1.27 *** (0.46, 2.09) | 5649 | 1.03 *** (0.48, 1.59) | 11,396 |
NO2 Sedentary Behavior (h/week) | 1.05 ** (0.34, 1.76) | 5747 | 0.90 * (0.15, 1.66) | 5649 | 0.98 *** (0.46, 1.49) | 11,396 |
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Zhan, B.; Wang, Q.; Zhou, Z.; Li, X.; Yu, H.; Li, B.; Liao, M. Association between Air Pollution and Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Adults Aged 60 Years or Older in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032352
Zhan B, Wang Q, Zhou Z, Li X, Yu H, Li B, Liao M. Association between Air Pollution and Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Adults Aged 60 Years or Older in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032352
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhan, Bing, Qiurui Wang, Zhixiong Zhou, Xiaotian Li, Hongjun Yu, Bingzhao Li, and Mingxia Liao. 2023. "Association between Air Pollution and Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among Adults Aged 60 Years or Older in China: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032352