Increasing Physical Activity at School Improves Physical Fitness of Early Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4.2. Eurofit Tests
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Group
3.2. Eurofit Tests
3.2.1. Core Strength
3.2.2. Long Jump
3.2.3. Shuttle Run 10 × 5 m
3.3. Averaged Results
3.4. General Physical Fitness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measurement Session | Average Age (y/o) | Total Average (n/30 s) | Group | ESs | p * | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GC | SC | |||||||||||||||
Average | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | Average | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | |||||
Mean | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.90 | 18.67 | 18.00 | 19.00 | 2.00 | 24.00 | 3.53 | 3.14–4.04 | 19.35 | 20.00 | 9.00 | 27.00 | 3.86 | 3.42–4.41 | 0.250 | <0.001 |
II | 11.90 | 20.62 | 19.90 | 21.00 | 4.00 | 26.00 | 3.50 | 3.11–4.00 | 21.34 | 22.00 | 13.00 | 29.00 | 3.67 | 3.26–4.20 | 0.614 | 0.010 |
Girls | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.90 | 17.63 | 17.01 | 17.00 | 8.00 | 22.00 | 2.75 | 2.32–3.37 | 18.26 | 20.00 | 9.00 | 25.00 | 3.88 | 3.50–4.52 | 0.340 | 0.040 |
II | 11.90 | 19.55 | 18.91 | 19.00 | 10.00 | 24.00 | 2.83 | 2.39–3.47 | 20.19 | 21.00 | 13.00 | 27.00 | 3.42 | 3.05–3.93 | 0.510 | 0.030 |
Boys | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.90 | 19.70 | 18.96 | 20.00 | 2.00 | 24.00 | 3.88 | 3.31–4.69 | 20.44 | 22.00 | 12.00 | 27.00 | 3.53 | 3.00–4.30 | 0.560 | 0.020 |
II | 11.90 | 21.68 | 20.87 | 22.00 | 4.00 | 26.00 | 3.78 | 3.23–4.56 | 22.50 | 23.00 | 14.00 | 29.00 | 3.48 | 2.95–4.24 | 0.240 | 0.060 |
Measurement Session | Average Age (y/o) | Total Average (cm) | Group | ESs | p * | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GC | SC | |||||||||||||||
Average | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | Average | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | |||||
Mean | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.90 | 139.44 | 137.16 | 140.00 | 98.00 | 179.00 | 14.70 | 13.07–16.81 | 141.72 | 145.00 | 100.00 | 195.00 | 18.25 | 15.48–22.21 | 0.140 | 0.030 |
II | 11.90 | 149.36 | 146.60 | 148.00 | 110.00 | 184.00 | 13.84 | 12.30–15.82 | 152.13 | 152.00 | 115.00 | 215.00 | 19.20 | 16.29–23.37 | 0.550 | 0.010 |
Girls | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.90 | 134.14 | 132.17 | 137.00 | 100.00 | 156.00 | 12.86 | 10.86–15.78 | 136.11 | 140.00 | 100.00 | 165.00 | 13.81 | 11.72–16.81 | 0.170 | 0.110 |
II | 11.90 | 143.36 | 141.38 | 145.00 | 115.00 | 161.00 | 11.29 | 9.53–13.85 | 145.34 | 147.00 | 115.00 | 193.00 | 14.90 | 12.64–18.14 | 0.541 | 0.200 |
Boys | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.90 | 144.74 | 142.16 | 145.00 | 98.00 | 179.00 | 14.71 | 12.55–17.75 | 147.32 | 147.00 | 105.00 | 195.00 | 15.70 | 13.33–19.21 | 0.301 | 0.050 |
II | 11.90 | 155.37 | 151.83 | 153.00 | 110.00 | 184.00 | 14.08 | 12.02–16.99 | 158.91 | 155.00 | 115.00 | 215.00 | 19.22 | 16.32–23.41 | 0.610 | 0.020 |
Measurement Session | Average Age (y/o) | Total Average (sec.) | Group | ESs | p * | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GC | SC | |||||||||||||||
Average | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | Average | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | |||||
I | 10.90 | 22.37 | 22.58 | 21.88 | 19.05 | 32.00 | 1.83 | 1.63–2.09 | 22.16 | 21.82 | 18.30 | 29.03 | 1.79 | 1.59–2.04 | 0.235 | 0.090 |
II | 11.90 | 21.26 | 21.56 | 21.05 | 18.73 | 28.99 | 1.75 | 1.55–2.00 | 20.96 | 20.90 | 18.01 | 28.02 | 1.67 | 1.48–1.91 | 0.621 | 0.024 |
Girls | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.90 | 22.83 | 23.03 | 22.60 | 20.50 | 30.35 | 1.70 | 1.44–2.09 | 22.64 | 22.00 | 19.59 | 29.03 | 1.74 | 1.56–2.24 | 0.410 | 0.230 |
II | 11.90 | 21.78 | 22.02 | 21.89 | 18.82 | 28.02 | 1.85 | 1.56–2.28 | 21.55 | 21.50 | 18.05 | 25.92 | 1.82 | 1.54–2.21 | 0.580 | 0.300 |
Boys | ||||||||||||||||
I | 10.90 | 21.90 | 22.13 | 21.74 | 19.05 | 32.00 | 1.91 | 1.58–2.23 | 21.68 | 21.60 | 18.30 | 24.98 | 1.60 | 1.36–1.95 | 0.371 | 0.140 |
II | 11.90 | 20.73 | 21.10 | 20.73 | 18.73 | 28.99 | 1.54 | 1.31–1.86 | 20.36 | 20.65 | 18.01 | 24.16 | 1.42 | 1.20–1.73 | 0.617 | 0.390 |
Eurofit Tests | Group | Average | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | p * | p ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 × 5 m shuttle run (sec.) | SC | 21.72 | 21.50 | 18.01 | 29.03 | 1.78 | 1.64–1.96 | 0.024 | 0.631 |
GC | 22.04 | 21.68 | 18.72 | 32.00 | 1.86 | 1.71–2.04 | |||
standing long jump (cm) | SC | 146.92 | 147.00 | 100.00 | 215.00 | 17.89 | 16.43–19.64 | 0.001 | 0.148 |
GC | 142.26 | 145.00 | 98.00 | 184.00 | 15.01 | 13.79–16.47 | |||
sit-ups in 30 s (n/30 s) | SC | 20.25 | 21.00 | 9.00 | 29.00 | 3.86 | 3.55–4.24 | 0.003 | 0.064 |
Variable | Class | Referenced | Average | Median | Min. | Max. | SD | 95% CI | p * | p ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 × 5 m shuttle run (sec.) | Girls | ≥22.63 | 22.34 | 21.99 | 18.05 | 30.35 | 1.87 | 1.72–2.08 | 0.025 | 0.127 |
Boys | ≥21.78 | 21.45 | 21.30 | 18.01 | 32.00 | 1.68 | 1.54–1.84 | |||
standing long jump (cm) | Girls | ≥137.50 | 138.82 | 140.00 | 100.00 | 193.00 | 14.16 | 12.98–15.56 | <0.001 | 0.521 |
Boys | ≥147.70 | 149.94 | 150.00 | 98.00 | 215.00 | 17.04 | 15.68–18.67 | |||
sit-ups in 30 s (n/30 s) | Girls | ≥17 | 18.61 | 19.00 | 8.00 | 27.00 | 3.50 | 3.21–3.85 | <0.001 | 0.875 |
Boys | ≥18 | 20.57 | 21.00 | 2.00 | 29.00 | 3.83 | 3.52–4.19 |
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Ługowska, K.; Kolanowski, W.; Trafialek, J. Increasing Physical Activity at School Improves Physical Fitness of Early Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032348
Ługowska K, Kolanowski W, Trafialek J. Increasing Physical Activity at School Improves Physical Fitness of Early Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032348
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁugowska, Katarzyna, Wojciech Kolanowski, and Joanna Trafialek. 2023. "Increasing Physical Activity at School Improves Physical Fitness of Early Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032348