Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis): Biomonitoring and Potential Human Health Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Sample Extraction and Clean-Up
2.3. Pop Quantification
3. Results
3.1. Pop Concentrations per Sampling Site
3.1.1. PCBs
3.1.2. OCPs
4. Discussion
Site | Specie | PCB.18 | PCB.28 | PCB.31 | PCB.44 | PCB.52 | PCB.101 | PCB.118 | PCB.138 | PCB.149 | PCB.180 | PCB.194 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Western Mediterranean Sea [2] | Dentex | 0.14 (0.10–0.23) | 0.17 (0.11–0.28) | 0.08 (0.05–0.14) | 0.26 (0.18–0.30) | 0.04 (0.01–0.07) | 0.77 (0.56–0.98) | 0.12 (0.05–0.25) | 1.38 (1.25–1.65) | 2.25 (1.67–2.47) | 2.14 (1.78–2.26) | 1.28 (1.10–1.66) |
Seabream | 0.13 (0.07–0.18) | 0.19 (0.12–0.32) | 0.1 (0.07, 0.14) | 0.33 (0.24–0.40) | 0.38 (0.28, 0.44) | 0.92 (0.78–1.10) | 0.24 (0.17–0.30) | 2.9 (2.50–3.14) | 2.77 (2.60–2.88) | 3.25 (2.88–3.66) | 2.3 (1.90–2.65) | |
Tuna | 0.02 (0.01–0.04) | 0.03 (0.02–0.06) | 0.11 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.1 (0.04–0.16) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.09) | 0.91 (0.66–0.99) | 0.21 (0.15–0.25) | 1.46 (1.35–1.63) | 1.91 (1.77–2.12) | 2.56 (2.38–2.93) | 1.42 (1.28–1.57) | |
Overall | 0.07 (0.01–0.23) | 0.115 (0.02–0.32) | 0.1 (0.04, 0.17) | 0.2 (0.04–0.40) | 0.07 (0.01,0.44) | 0.9 (0.56–1.10) | 0.2 (0.05–0.30) | 1.49 (1.25–3.14) | 2.05 (1.67–2.88) | 2.59 (1.78–3.66) | 1.48 (1.10–2.65) | |
Paraíba do Sul Estuary (Southeast Coast Brazil) [49] | Silver Scabbardfish | 1.57 (0.01–6.59) | 5.85 (0.51–33.0) | 2.83 (0.21–15.0) | 1.22 (0.23 –1.4) | 2.55 (0.37–17.9) | 1.95 (0.40–10.2) | 1.67 (0.30–5.50) | 4.34 (0.49–13.5) | 1.87 (0.20–4.82) | 2.47 (0.18–7.66) | 0.36 (<LOQ–1.28) |
Whitemouth Croaker | 4.72 (0.65–15.2) | 18.2 (0.72–69.7 | 9.51 (0.83–40.5) | 4.75 (0.36–25.0) | 7.72 (0.69–34.1) | 3,17 (0.43–16,4) | 1.58 (0.33–8.13) | 0.66 (0.13–4.00) | 0.65 (0.04–3.31) | 0.16 (<LOQ–0.78) | <LOQ (<LOQ–0.04) | |
Ilha Grande Bay (Southeast Coast Brazil) [34] | Silver Scabbardfish | 2.99 (0.83–11.1) | 8.86 (1.25–46.5) | 6.31 (2.13–42.2) | 6.13 (1.26–32.9) | 11.3 (3.36–59.1) | 12.7 (3.49–53.0) | 9.20 (3.40–35.2) | 9.69 (3.07–56.0) | 4.99 (1.85–24.5) | 3.58 (0.57–23.2) | 0.16 (<LOQ–2.82) |
Whitemouth Croaker | 4.00 (1.42–6.78) | 11.0 (5.21–21.6) | 7.03 (2.96–16.13) | 7.69 (2.55–14.1) | 14.7 (4.66–25.3) | 16.0 (4.52–26.4) | 11.2 (3.57–16.6) | 6.57 (2.11–10.7) | 4.21 (10.9–6.30) | 1.23 (0.33–5.23) | <LOQ (<LOQ–10.7) | |
Mullet | 1.92 (1.10–4.37) | 4.75 (2.32–9.31) | 3.57 (1.21–9.17) | 3.83 (2.71–7.10) | 8.44 (5.78–14.9) | 10.7 (6.73–17.1) | 8.83 (5.82–12.5) | 7.13 (4.21–14.4) | 3.28 (2.05–5.37) | 2.36 (0.69–7.91) | 0.38 (<LOQ–4.86) | |
Vransko Lake (Croatia) [50] | Common Rudd | – | 0.265 (0.214–0.433) | – | – | 0.108 (0.034–0.159) | 0.169 (0.042–0.430) | 0.083 (0.048–0.113) | 0.120 (0.090–0.218) | – | 0.126 (0.082–0.298) | – |
European carp | – | 0.219 (0.183–0.679) | – | – | 0.245 (0.061–0.543) | 0.179 (0.064–0.640) | 0.107 (0.061–0.265) | 0.200 (0.128–2.646) | – | 0.137 (0.069–3.814) | – | |
Gibel carp | – | 0.290 (0.178–0.644) | – | – | 0.135 (0.058–0.827) | 0.067 (0.031–0.136) | 0.082 (0.053–0.159) | 0.125 (0.097–0.369) | – | 0.105 (0.075–0.344) | – | |
Central Adriatic Sea (Area I) [40] | European anchovy | – | <LOQ | – | – | 2.00 (0.13–5.2) | 2.73 (0.32–6.64) | 1.17 (0.19-2.78) | 3.76 (0.80-7.40) | - | 0.63 (0.19–1.22) | - |
European Pilchard | – | <LOQ | – | – | 2.34 (0.69–4.57) | 1.33 (0.41–3.00) | 1.91 (1.55-2.61) | 6.72 (5.66-7.41) | - | 1.19 (0.76–2.03) | - | |
Atlantic Mackerel | – | <LOQ | – | – | 0.98 (0.02–0.34) | 2.36 (0.07-4.67) | 1.37 (0.07-2.75) | 5.89 (0.39-12.57) | - | 1.16 (0.14–2.22) | - | |
This Research | Sardine | <0.12 (LOQ) | <0.12 (LOQ) | <0.12 (LOQ) (<0.12 –2.45) | <0.15 (LOQ) | 1.20 ( <0.15 (LOQ)—7.73) | <0.17 (LOQ) ( <0.17-2.27) | <0.15 (LOQ) | <0.17 (LOQ) | <0.17 (LOQ) | <0.21 (LOQ) | <0.21 (LOQ) |
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
POPs | Persistent Organic Pollutants |
OPCs | Organochlorine Pollutant Compounds |
PCBs | Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
OCs | Organochlorine Pesticides |
GC-MS/MS | Gas Chromatography coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
QqQ | Triple-Quadrupole Analyzer |
SRM | Selective Reaction Monitoring |
CE | Collision Energy |
LOQ | Limit of quantification |
MoCB | Monochorobiphenyl |
DiCB | Dichorobiphenyl |
TrCB | Trichlorobiphenyl |
TeCB | Tetra-chlorobiphenyl |
PeCB | Penta-chlorobiphenyl |
HxCB | Hexa-chlorobiphenyl |
HpCB | Hepta-chlorobiphenyl |
OcCB | Octa-chlorobiphenyl |
NoCB | Nona-chlorobiphenyl |
DeCB | Deca-chlorobiphenyl |
IS | Internal Standard |
ww | wet weight |
ICES | ICES—International Committee for the Exploration of the Sea |
ICES7 | The sum of the seven indicator congeners |
Appendix A
Site | Minimum | 1st Quantile | Median | 3rd Quantile | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cruise | <LOQ | 1.34 | 2.20 | 4.55 | 12.5 |
NIT (A) | <LOQ | 1.89 | 10.13 | 14.4 | 18.3 |
NIT (B) | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1.00 | 2.35 | 37.2 |
RG | <LOQ | 3.94 | 5.55 | 18.5 | 22.2 |
SJN | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 1.51 | 7.89 |
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Trace GC Ultra—Thermo Fischer Scientific | |
---|---|
Injector | PTV splitless |
Evap: 250 ℃ to 340 ℃ at 14 ℃ min−1 | |
0.33 min splitless time | |
Gas | Constant flow (He) 1 mL min−1 |
Oven Temperature | 90 ℃ , 1 min hold |
15 ℃ min−1 to 160 ℃ | |
3 ℃ min−1 to 225 ℃ | |
6 ℃ min−1 to 305 ℃, 8 min hold | |
3 ℃ min−1 to 310 ℃, 17 min hold | |
Transferline | 290 ℃ |
Autosampler Triplus—Thermo Fischer Scientific | |
Injection Volume | 2 μL |
TSQ Quantum XLS—Thermo Fischer Scientific | |
Source Temperature | 250 ℃ |
Ionization | EI, 70 eV |
Emission Current | 50 μA |
Resolution | Q1 and Q3: 0.7 Da (FWHM) |
Collision Gas | Argon 1.5 mTorr |
Compound | Frag. Pattern A | Frag. Pattern B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precursor | Product | CE | Precursor | Product | CE | |
α-HCH | 218.89 | 180.91 | 8 | 218.89 | 182.91 | 8 |
γ-HCH | 218.89 | 180.91 | 8 | 218.89 | 182.91 | 8 |
β-HCH | 218.89 | 180.91 | 8 | 218.89 | 182.91 | 8 |
δ-HCH | 218.89 | 180.91 | 8 | 218.89 | 182.91 | 8 |
Heptachlor | 269.88 | 234.88 | 15 | 271.88 | 236.89 | 15 |
Aldrin | 292.9 | 185.93 | 20 | 292.9 | 257.91 | 10 |
4.4-dibromobiphenyl (IS) | 152.30 | 126.20 | 24 | 311.90 | 152.30 | 14 |
Heptachlor epoxide | 353.00 | 237.00 | 15 | 353.00 | 263.00 | 15 |
Endossulfan-I | 240.89 | 205.91 | 10 | 242.89 | 207.91 | 10 |
p.p’DDE | 246.05 | 175.97 | 10 | 317.94 | 245.95 | 10 |
Dieldrin | 276.91 | 240.92 | 12 | 278.91 | 242.92 | 12 |
Endrin | 263.00 | 191.00 | 30 | 263.00 | 193.00 | 30 |
Endossulfan-II | 240.89 | 205.91 | 10 | 242.89 | 207.91 | 10 |
p.p’DDD | 235.01 | 164.98 | 20 | 237.01 | 164.98 | 20 |
Endrin aldeide | 345.00 | 245.00 | 15 | 345.00 | 280.90 | 10 |
Endossulfan sulphate | 272.00 | 237.00 | 16 | 387.00 | 289.00 | 9 |
p.p’DDT | 235.01 | 165.07 | 20 | 237.01 | 165.07 | 20 |
Endrin cetone | 316.90 | 245.00 | 15 | 316.90 | 280.90 | 5 |
Metoxychlor | 227.01 | 169.01 | 20 | 227.01 | 184.08 | 20 |
TrCB | 255.96 | 186.03 | 22 | 257.96 | 186.03 | 22 |
TeCB | 289.92 | 219.99 | 22 | 291.92 | 219.99 | 22 |
PeCB | 323.89 | 253.95 | 22 | 325.88 | 255.94 | 22 |
HxCB | 357.85 | 287.91 | 22 | 359.84 | 289.91 | 22 |
HpCB | 391.81 | 321.87 | 22 | 393.80 | 323.87 | 22 |
OcCB | 427.77 | 357.83 | 22 | 429.76 | 357.83 | 22 |
NoCB | 461.76 | 391.82 | 22 | 463.77 | 391.83 | 22 |
DeCB | 495.70 | 425.80 | 22 | 497.70 | 427.80 | 22 |
Compound/Site | Cruise | NIT (A) | NIT (B) | RG | SJN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
δHCH | 1 (1.22) | - | - | - | - |
γHCH | - | - | - | 1 (1.65) | 1 (0.82) |
Endosulfan I | 2 (55.8; 2.92) | - | 2 (17.4; 16.5) | 1 (10.7) | - |
DDE | 1 (6.93) | 2 (2.66; 0.98) | - | 2 (2.11; 0.89) | - |
Dieldrin | - | - | - | 1 (4.84) | - |
Endrin | - | 2 (9.94; 3.86) | 3 (6.31; 2.57; 2.22) | 3 (8.75; 2.27; 0.70) | 2 (5.82; 1.52) |
Endossulfan II | - | 1 (5.34) | - | - | - |
Endrin Aldehyde | - | 2 (1.77; 0.97) | 1 (0.84) | 3 (7.89; 2.33; 2.24) | 2 (18.4; 8.23) |
Endossulfan sulfate | - | 1 (1.64) | - | - | - |
Endrin ketone | 1 (1.26) | 3 (7.13; 6.00; 2.17) | 2 (4.00; 3.84) | 1 (4.91) | 2 (6.99; 1.52) |
Methoxychlor | 1 (1.79) | 1 (0.72) | 1 (0.81) | 2 (2.04; 1.84) | 2 (1.50; 0.95) |
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Massone, C.G.; dos Santos, A.A.; Ferreira, P.G.; Carreira, R.d.S. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis): Biomonitoring and Potential Human Health Effects. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032036
Massone CG, dos Santos AA, Ferreira PG, Carreira RdS. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis): Biomonitoring and Potential Human Health Effects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032036
Chicago/Turabian StyleMassone, Carlos German, Allan Amendola dos Santos, Pedro Gonçalves Ferreira, and Renato da Silva Carreira. 2023. "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis): Biomonitoring and Potential Human Health Effects" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032036