Effect of Online Home-Based Resistance Exercise Training on Physical Fitness, Depression, Stress, and Well-Being in Middle-Aged Persons: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Exercise Training
3. Measurements
3.1. Mental Health and Well-Being
3.2. Measurements for a Battery of Tests
3.3. Isometric and Isokinetic Strength
3.4. Analysis of Thigh Cross-Sectional Area (CSA)
3.5. Statistical Analyses
4. Results
4.1. Study 1
4.2. Study 2
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COVID-19 | The Coronavirus Disease 2019 |
WHO | World Health Organization |
RT | Resistance training |
K6 | Kessler Psychological Distress Scale |
WHO-5 | Well-Being Index |
CES-D | Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale |
CSA | Cross-sectional area |
MRI | Magnetic resonance imaging |
ES | Effect size |
IGF-1 | Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 |
BDNF | Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor |
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Pre | Post | Mean Difference | Effect Size (95%CI) | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Reaching the Criteria (n) | Value | Reaching the Criteria (n) | |||||
Study 1 | ||||||||
CES-D | Online (n = 17) | 9.6 ± 7.2 | 3 | 6.9 ± 6.1 | 1 | −2.7 ± 3.1 | −0.41 (−1.08, 0.28) | 0.003 |
In person (n = 11) | 8.2 ± 4.4 | 0 | 5.5 ± 3.1 | 0 | −2.6 ± 4.1 | −0.70 (−1.53, 0.19) | 0.060 | |
Study 2 | ||||||||
CES-D (n = 39) | 7.7 ± 7.2 | 4 | 6.1 ± 5.6 | 2 | −1.6 ± 3.6 | −0.24 (−0.69, −0.21) | 0.009 | |
WHO-5 (n = 39) | 74.3 ± 16.3 | 5 | 76.2 ± 17.0 | 4 | 2.0 ± 11.6 | 0.12 (−0.33, 0.56) | 0.302 | |
K6 (n = 39) | 1.6 ± 2.0 | 0 | 1.4 ± 2.1 | 0 | −0.2 ± 1.2 | −0.09 (−0.53, 0.36) | 0.343 |
Pre | Post | Mean Difference | Effect Size (95%CI) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MVC, N·m (Right) | 167.4 ± 50.5 | 170.9 ± 50.1 | 3.4 ± 26.0 | 0.07 (−0.39, 0.52) | 0.426 |
MVC, N·m (Left) | 156.6 ± 52.5 | 159.6 ± 46.3 | 3.0 ± 23.8 | 0.06 (−0.38, 0.50) | 0.431 |
MVC, N·m (Average) | 160.6 ± 50.6 | 164.0 ± 46.3 | 3.4 ± 21.9 | 0.07 (−0.37, 0.51) | 0.34 |
CSA, mm2 | 5098.3 ± 1118.3 | 5147.3 ± 1140.2 | 49.0 ± 227.5 | 0.04 (−0.43, 0.51) | 0.212 |
Vertical jump, cm | 32.8 ± 8.1 | 33.9 ± 7.9 | 1.1 ± 3.1 | 0.14 (−0.32, 0.59) | 0.038 |
Grip strength, kg (Right) | 30.6 ± 7.8 | 31.7 ± 7.8 | 1.2 ± 2.2 | 0.15 (−0.30, 0.59) | 0.003 |
Grip strength, kg (Left) | 30.6 ± 7.2 | 30.4 ± 7.7 | −0.2 ± 3.0 | −0.03 (−0.48, 0.41) | 0.611 |
Grip strength, kg (Average) | 30.6 ± 7.4 | 31.1 ± 7.6 | 0.5 ± 2.0 | 0.06 (−0.38, 0.50) | 0.154 |
Chair stand test, times | 27.7 ± 5.0 | 28.9 ± 4.5 | 1.2 ± 3.8 | 0.26 (−0.19, 0.70) | 0.048 |
Push up test, times | 16.0 ± 9.2 | 20.2 ± 9.5 | 4.1 ± 4.5 | 0.44 (−0.03, 0.90) | <0.001 |
Sit and reach, cm | 42.8 ± 8.8 | 43.3 ± 9.4 | 0.6 ± 4.3 | −0.07 (−0.51, 0.38) | 0.391 |
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Kikuchi, N.; Ohta, T.; Hashimoto, Y.; Mochizuki, Y.; Saito, M.; Kozuma, A.; Deguchi, M.; Inoguchi, T.; Shinogi, M.; Homma, H.; et al. Effect of Online Home-Based Resistance Exercise Training on Physical Fitness, Depression, Stress, and Well-Being in Middle-Aged Persons: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031769
Kikuchi N, Ohta T, Hashimoto Y, Mochizuki Y, Saito M, Kozuma A, Deguchi M, Inoguchi T, Shinogi M, Homma H, et al. Effect of Online Home-Based Resistance Exercise Training on Physical Fitness, Depression, Stress, and Well-Being in Middle-Aged Persons: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031769
Chicago/Turabian StyleKikuchi, Naoki, Takahisa Ohta, Yuto Hashimoto, Yukina Mochizuki, Mika Saito, Ayumu Kozuma, Minoru Deguchi, Takamichi Inoguchi, Maho Shinogi, Hiroki Homma, and et al. 2023. "Effect of Online Home-Based Resistance Exercise Training on Physical Fitness, Depression, Stress, and Well-Being in Middle-Aged Persons: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031769