Association between Periodontal Condition and Fat Distribution in Japanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Check-Up Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Sample Size Calculation
2.3. Assessment of Body Composition and Fat Distribution
2.4. Measurement of Biochemical Markers
2.5. Oral Examination
2.6. Questionnaire
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | |
---|---|
Male, n (%) | 107 (67.7) |
Age, years | 54.5 (44, 62) |
Drinking habits (every day) | 35 (22.2) |
Smoking habits (presence), n (%) | 29 (18.4) |
Regular exercise habits, n (%) | 30 (19.2) |
Frequency of fish consumption (every day), n (%) | 19 (12.0) |
Frequency of vegetable consumption (every day), n (%) | 114 (72.2) |
Frequency of fruit consumption (every day), n (%) | 57 (36.1) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.5 (21.7, 26.1) |
VFA (cm2) | 104.5 (61.3, 162.7) |
SFA (cm2) | 123.4 (94.3, 176.9) |
Fasting blood glucose (g/L) | 103 (95, 109) |
Number of teeth present | 28 (26, 28) |
BOP presence, n (%) | 36 (22.8) |
PPD score, n (%) | |
0 | 54 (34.2) |
1 | 82 (51.9) |
2 | 22 (13.9) |
CAL code, n (%) | |
0 | 37 (23.4) |
1 | 99 (62.7) |
2 | 18 (11.4) |
3 | 4 (2.5) |
4 | 0 (0.0) |
Probing Depth Score | Clinical Attachment Level Code | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 (n = 54) | 1 (n = 82) | 2 (n = 22) | 0 (n = 37) | 1 (n = 99) | 2 or 3 (n = 22) | |
VFA (cm2) | 73.8 (41.7, 121.6) | 122.2 (73.5, 178.8) * | 116.2 (78.6, 168.8) | 59.7 (33.3, 99.4) | 111.5 (73.6, 177.5) † | 150.6 (85.8, 199.1) † |
SFA (cm2) | 118.1 (85.4, 163.1) | 123.4 (98.7, 182.1) | 141.1 (112.3, 229.0) | 117.5 (87.2, 160.1) | 122.6 (94.4, 194.4) | 133.2 (101.7, 195.2) |
Variables | VFA | SFA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | p Value | r | p Value | |
Gender (male) | 0.227 | 0.004 | 0.097 | 0.224 |
Age, years | 0.099 | 0.216 | −0.049 | 0.541 |
Drinking habits (every day) | −0.008 | 0.919 | 0.034 | 0.671 |
Smoking habits (presence) | 0.390 | <0.001 | 0.158 | 0.046 |
Regular exercise habits (presence) | −0.267 | 0.001 | −0.309 | <0.001 |
Frequency of fish consumption (every day) | 0.020 | 0.805 | −0.013 | 0.871 |
Frequency of vegetable consumption (every day) | −0.166 | 0.037 | −0.092 | 0.249 |
Frequency of fruit consumption (every day) | −0.114 | 0.155 | −0.137 | 0.087 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.854 | <0.001 | 0.705 | <0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose (g/L) | 0.437 | <0.001 | 0.161 | 0.043 |
Present teeth (n) | −0.265 | 0.001 | −0.143 | 0.073 |
BOP (presence) | 0.144 | 0.071 | 0.094 | 0.242 |
PPD score | 0.251 | 0.001 | 0.156 | 0.050 |
CAL code | 0.353 | <0.001 | 0.114 | 0.155 |
Dependent Variables | Unstandardized Coefficients (B) | 95% CI for B | Standardized Coefficients β | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||
Model 1 | |||||
Gender (male) | 2.980 | −9.565 | 15.526 | 0.021 | 0.639 |
Age, years | 0.369 | −0.140 | 0.879 | 0.065 | 0.154 |
Smoking habits (presence) | 8.432 | −7.059 | 23.923 | 0.050 | 0.284 |
Regular exercise habits (presence) | −11.043 | −26.179 | 4.093 | −0.066 | 0.151 |
Frequency of vegetable consumption (every day) | −11.287 | −24.515 | 1.941 | −0.077 | 0.094 |
BMI | 14.087 | 12.351 | 15.824 | 0.757 | <0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose (g/L) | 0.323 | 0.063 | 0.583 | 0.113 | 0.015 |
Present teeth (n) | −0.825 | −2.114 | 0.463 | 0.652 | 0.208 |
BOP (presence) | 7.812 | −6.588 | 22.212 | 0.050 | 0.285 |
PPD score | 8.432 | −7.059 | 23.923 | 0.050 | 0.284 |
Model 2 | |||||
Gender (male) | 1.380 | −10.949 | 13.708 | 0.010 | 0.825 |
Age, years | 0.384 | −0.114 | 0.883 | 0.068 | 0.130 |
Smoking habits (presence) | 6.951 | −5.973 | 24.314 | 0.054 | 0.233 |
Regular exercise habits (presence) | −7.845 | −22.806 | 7.116 | −0.047 | 0.302 |
Frequency of vegetable consumption (every day) | −11.628 | −24.557 | 1.302 | −0.079 | 0.078 |
BMI | 13.950 | 12.254 | 15.647 | 0.750 | <0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose (g/L) | 0.276 | 0.019 | 0.533 | 0.097 | 0.035 |
Present teeth (n) | −0.568 | −1.823 | 0.687 | −0.040 | 0.372 |
BOP (presence) | 6.951 | −5.973 | 24.314 | 0.054 | 0.233 |
CAL code | 12.103 | 3.044 | 21.162 | 0.123 | 0.009 |
Dependent Variables | Unstandardized Coefficients (B) | 95% CI for B | Standardized Coefficients Β | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||
Model 1 | |||||
Gender (male) | −9.220 | −25.356 | 6.917 | −0.066 | 0.261 |
Age, years | −0.252 | −0.908 | 0.404 | −0.045 | 0.449 |
Smoking habits (presence) | −9.171 | −29.096 | 10.755 | −0.054 | 0.365 |
Regular exercise habits (presence) | −21.737 | −41.206 | −2.268 | −0.130 | 0.029 |
Frequency of vegetable consumption (every day) | −15.637 | −32.652 | 1.378 | −0.106 | 0.071 |
BMI | 13.107 | 10.874 | 15.341 | 0.705 | <0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose (g/L) | −0.405 | −0.740 | −0.700 | −0.142 | 0.018 |
Present teeth (n) | −0.402 | −2.060 | 1.256 | −0.029 | 0.633 |
BOP (presence) | 11.586 | −6.936 | 30.108 | 0.074 | 0.218 |
PPD score | 0.498 | −11.295 | 12.291 | 0.005 | 0.934 |
Model 2 | |||||
Gender (male) | −8.363 | −24.528 | 7.801 | −0.060 | 0.308 |
Age, years | −0.259 | −0.912 | 3.950 | −0.046 | 0.436 |
Smoking habits (presence) | −9.407 | −29.262 | 10.449 | −0.056 | 0.351 |
Regular exercise habits (presence) | −23.609 | −43.226 | −3.993 | −0.142 | 0.019 |
Frequency of vegetable consumption (every day) | −15.561 | −32.514 | 1.391 | −0.106 | 0.072 |
BMI | 13.204 | 10.980 | 15.428 | 0.710 | <0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose (g/L) | −0.379 | −0.715 | −0.042 | −0.133 | 0.028 |
Present teeth (n) | −0.581 | −2.226 | 1.064 | −0.041 | 0.486 |
BOP (presence) | 12.455 | −5.826 | 30.735 | 0.079 | 0.180 |
CAL code | −5.776 | −17.654 | 6.102 | −0.059 | 0.338 |
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Irie, K.; Yamamoto, T.; Azuma, T.; Iwai, K.; Yonenaga, T.; Tomofuji, T. Association between Periodontal Condition and Fat Distribution in Japanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Check-Up Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031699
Irie K, Yamamoto T, Azuma T, Iwai K, Yonenaga T, Tomofuji T. Association between Periodontal Condition and Fat Distribution in Japanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Check-Up Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031699
Chicago/Turabian StyleIrie, Koichiro, Tatsuo Yamamoto, Tetsuji Azuma, Komei Iwai, Takatoshi Yonenaga, and Takaaki Tomofuji. 2023. "Association between Periodontal Condition and Fat Distribution in Japanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Check-Up Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031699