Time to Play in Javanese Preschool Children—An Examination of Screen Time and Playtime before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Research Challenges
2. Methods
2.1. Research Design and Ethical Approval
2.2. Participants and Data Collection
2.3. Surveillance of Digital Media Habits in Early Childhood Questionnaire (SMALLQ®)
2.4. Key Variables of Interest
2.4.1. Child Total Screen Time
2.4.2. Physical Playtime
2.4.3. MVPA Duration
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Parent/Caregiver Survey Respondents
3.2. Characteristics of Screen Time and Playtime in Preschool Children before and during the Virus Pandemic
4. Discussion
4.1. Screen Time in Preschool Children before and during the Virus Pandemic
4.2. Playtime in Preschool Children before and during the Virus Pandemic
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Pre-COVID Groups | During-COVID Groups | All Groups | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | % | |||
Child Age (Years) | ||||
6 | 48 | 50 | 98 | 15.9 |
5 | 96 | 68 | 164 | 26.5 |
4 | 85 | 65 | 150 | 24.3 |
3 | 49 | 51 | 100 | 16.2 |
2 | 25 | 63 | 88 | 14.2 |
1 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 2.8 |
Parent/Guardian (Relationship) | ||||
Mother | 271 | 205 | 476 | 77.0 |
Father | 27 | 66 | 93 | 15.1 |
Grandmother | 3 | 17 | 20 | 3.2 |
Grandfather | 2 | 3 | 5 | 0.8 |
Legal Guardian | 6 | 18 | 24 | 3.9 |
Parent/Guardian Age (Year) | ||||
16–19 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0.3 |
20–24 | 19 | 14 | 33 | 5.3 |
25–29 | 71 | 72 | 143 | 23.1 |
30–34 | 120 | 127 | 247 | 39.9 |
35–39 | 67 | 59 | 126 | 20.4 |
40–44 | 26 | 22 | 48 | 7.8 |
45–49 | 2 | 9 | 11 | 1.8 |
50–54 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0.7 |
55–59 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.3 |
60–64 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.3 |
Parent/Guardian (Race/Ethnicity) | ||||
Jawa | 295 | 141 | 436 | 70.6 |
Sunda | 6 | 73 | 79 | 12.8 |
Betawi | 0 | 26 | 26 | 4.2 |
Batak | 1 | 14 | 15 | 2.4 |
Others | 7 | 55 | 62 | 10.0 |
Behaviour | Period | Mean ± SD | t | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weekday (hours) | Weekend (hours) | ||||
Screen Time | Pre-COVID-19 | 1.91 ± 2.40 | 2.16 ± 2.60 | −2.975 | 0.003 |
During COVID-19 | 2.87 ± 3.15 | 3.26 ± 3.18 | −2.730 | 0.007 | |
Playtime | Pre-COVID-19 | 3.55 ± 2.49 | 4.11 ± 2.58 | −5.891 | <0.001 |
During COVID-19 | 3.25 ± 3.41 | 3.48 ± 2.41 | −1.707 | 0.089 |
Characteristics of Child Screen Time | Group | Mean hrs | 95% CI | Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | t | ||||
Non-entertainment screen time on a weekday (hrs) | pre-COVID-19 | 0.42 ± 0.77 | −0.510 | −1.636 | −3.823 | 0.001 |
during COVID-19 | 0.76 ± 1.34 | |||||
Entertainment screen time on a weekday (hrs) | pre-COVID-19 | 1.49 ± 1.92 | −0.961 | −0.286 | −3.628 | 0.001 |
during COVID-19 | 2.12 ± 2.34 | |||||
Non-entertainment screen time on a weekend (hrs) | pre-COVID-19 | 0.40 ± 0.74 | −0.297 | −0.028 | −2.375 | 0.018 |
during COVID-19 | 0.56 ± 0.95 | |||||
Entertainment screen time on a weekend (hrs) | pre-COVID-19 | 1.76 ± 2.20 | −1.34 | −5.26 | −4.504 | 0.001 |
during COVID-19 | 2.70 ± 2.90 | |||||
% of time parent engaged in child screen use (weekday) | pre-COVID-19 | 50.3 ± 32.9 | −7.479 | 2.923 | −0.860 | 0.390 |
during COVID-19 | 52.6 ± 32.7 | |||||
% of time parent engaged in child screen use (weekend) | pre-COVID-19 | 56.6 ± 34.7 | −11.307 | −0.641 | −2.200 | 0.028 |
during COVID-19 | 62.6 ± 32.7 |
Characteristics of Child Playtime | Group | Mean | 95% CI | Sig. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | t | ||||
% of playtime is of MVPA (weekday) | pre-COVID-19 | 53.0 ± 27.1 | −6.299 | 2.318 | −0.907 | 0.365 |
during COVID-19 | 55.0 ± 27.3 | |||||
% of playtime is of MVPA (weekend) | pre-COVID-19 | 61.8 ± 28.4 | −5.322 | 3.409 | −0.430 | 0.667 |
during COVID-19 | 62.8 ± 26.8 | |||||
% of time parent engaged with child during play (weekday) | pre-COVID-19 | 44.9 ± 26.4 | −8.551 | 0.175 | −1.885 | 0.060 |
during COVID-19 | 49.1 ± 28.8 | |||||
% of time parent engaged with child during play (weekend) | pre-COVID-19 | 63.5 ± 28.5 | −3.418 | 5.668 | 0.486 | 0.627 |
during COVID-19 | 62.4 ± 29.0 |
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Nopembri, S.; Mulyawan, R.; Fauziah, P.Y.; Kusumawardani, E.; Susilowati, I.H.; Fauzi, L.; Cahyati, W.H.; Rahayu, T.; Chua, T.B.K.; Chia, M.Y.H. Time to Play in Javanese Preschool Children—An Examination of Screen Time and Playtime before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031659
Nopembri S, Mulyawan R, Fauziah PY, Kusumawardani E, Susilowati IH, Fauzi L, Cahyati WH, Rahayu T, Chua TBK, Chia MYH. Time to Play in Javanese Preschool Children—An Examination of Screen Time and Playtime before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031659
Chicago/Turabian StyleNopembri, Soni, Rizki Mulyawan, Puji Yanti Fauziah, Erma Kusumawardani, Indri Hapsari Susilowati, Lukman Fauzi, Widya Hary Cahyati, Tandiyo Rahayu, Terence Buan Kiong Chua, and Michael Yong Hwa Chia. 2023. "Time to Play in Javanese Preschool Children—An Examination of Screen Time and Playtime before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031659
APA StyleNopembri, S., Mulyawan, R., Fauziah, P. Y., Kusumawardani, E., Susilowati, I. H., Fauzi, L., Cahyati, W. H., Rahayu, T., Chua, T. B. K., & Chia, M. Y. H. (2023). Time to Play in Javanese Preschool Children—An Examination of Screen Time and Playtime before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031659