The Relationship between Young Children’s Graphomotor Skills and Their Environment: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Demographic Questionnaire
2.2.2. The Gilboa Functional Test (GIFT; [48])
2.2.3. Home Literacy Experiences Questionnaire (HLEQ; [33])
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Personal Factors
3.1.1. Age
3.1.2. Gender
3.1.3. Spoken Language
3.2. Microsystem
3.3. Exosystem
3.4. Macrosystem
3.5. Prediction of Graphomotor Skills
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n (%) | M (SD) |
---|---|---|
Child’s age | 5.15 (1.06) | |
Gender | ||
Boys | 66 (48) | |
Girls | 70 (52) | |
Educational setting | ||
Daycare | 11 (8.27) | |
Pre preschool | 53 (39.8) | |
Preschool | 35 (26.3) | |
School | 34 (25.6) | |
Educational system | ||
Public | 92 (71) | |
Waldorf | 37 (29) | |
Years of maternal education | ||
Above 12 years | 105 (80.7) | |
12 years and below | 25 (19.2) | |
Housing density a | 1.17 (0.36) | |
Spoken language(s) at home (n = 134) | ||
Hebrew | 62 (49.6) | |
Arabic | 31 (22.8) | |
Bilingual | 36 (26.8) | |
Others (Russian and English) | 5 (3.7) | |
Residential type | ||
Urban | 75(55.9) | |
Rural | 59 (44.02) |
Variable | n | M (SD) | Range | Correlation with Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
GIFT total score | ||||
Age (years: months) | ||||
3–4 | 16 | 14.19 (3.87) | 0–20 | 0.7 ** |
4–5 | 42 | 25.26 (7.84) | 0–35 | 0.55 *** |
5–6 | 47 | 38.87 (8.88) | 0–50 | 0.1 |
6–7 | 31 | 38.61 (8.73) | 0–50 | 0.3 |
HLEQ | Scales | |||
Frequency scale | 135 | 3.26 (1.04) | 1–6 | |
Independence scale | 3.09 (0.98) | 1–5 |
Variable | n | GIFT Total Score M (SD) | t | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|
Personal | 1.74 | 0.29 | ||
Gender | ||||
Boys | 66 | −0.15 (1.03) | ||
Girls | 70 | 0.14 (0.92) | ||
EXOSYSTEM | 8.45 ** | 1.54 | ||
Educational approach | ||||
Waldorf | 37 | −0.95 (0.92) | ||
Public | 99 | 0.35 (0.75) | ||
MACROSYSTEM | 0.71 | 0.55 | ||
Parental immigration status | ||||
Foreign-born | 50 | 0.08 (0.87) | ||
Born in Israel | 84 | −0.45 (1.04) |
Variable | n | r |
---|---|---|
HLEQ Frequency | 135 | 0.37 ** |
HLEQ Independence | 134 | 0.34 ** |
Housing Density | 133 | −0.08 |
Mothers’ years of education | 127 | −0.09 |
Variable | Cumulative | Simultaneous | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
R² Change | F-Change | β | p | |
Block 1: personal factors | 0.180 | 9.417 *** | ||
Age | 0.185 | 0.026 | ||
Gender | −0.146 | 0.070 | ||
Hebrew language | −0.397 | 0.000 | ||
Block 2: microsystem | 0.079 | 6.809 ** | ||
Literacy at home: HLEQ | ||||
Frequency scale | 0.235 | 0.024 | ||
Independence scale | 0.100 | 0.331 | ||
Block 3: exosystem | 0.172 | 38.129 *** | ||
Educational approach: | ||||
Anthroposophical approach | −0.544 | 0.000 |
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Sinvani, R.-T.; Golos, A.; Ben Zagmi, S.; Gilboa, Y. The Relationship between Young Children’s Graphomotor Skills and Their Environment: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021338
Sinvani R-T, Golos A, Ben Zagmi S, Gilboa Y. The Relationship between Young Children’s Graphomotor Skills and Their Environment: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(2):1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021338
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinvani, Rachel-Tzofia, Anat Golos, Stav Ben Zagmi, and Yafit Gilboa. 2023. "The Relationship between Young Children’s Graphomotor Skills and Their Environment: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2: 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021338