Nationwide Survey on Seasonal Influenza Vaccination among Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece: Determinants, Barriers and Peculiarities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ethical Statement
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Internal Consistency Reliability
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total N (%) or Median (IQR) | Vacinated N (%) or Median (IQR) | Proportional Ratio (95% CI) | Significance | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ≤53 | 2138 (82.6) | 1454 (68.0) | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) | <0.001 (C) |
>53 | 451 (17.4) | 343 (76.1) | Ref. | ||
Gender | Female | 1838 (70.9) | 1252 (68.1) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.026 (C) |
Male | 754 (29.1) | 547(72.5) | Ref. | ||
Marital status | Divorced | 95 (3.7) | 64 (67.4) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | 0.567 (C) |
Widowed | 7 (0.3) | 3 (42.9) | 0.61 (0.26–1.44) | 0.207 (F) | |
Unmarried | 794 (30.6) | 534 (67.6) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.208 (C) | |
N/A | 55 (2.1) | 44 (80.0) | 1.14 (1.00–1.31) | 0.115 (C) | |
Married | 1641 (63.3) | 1151 (70.1) | Ref. | ||
Educational level | High school | 177 (6.8) | 86 (48,6) | 0.61 (0.52–0.71) | <0.001 (C) |
Institute of vocational training (IEK) | 216 (8.3) | 119 (55.1) | 0.70 (0.61–0.78) | <0.001 (C) | |
Technological educational institute (TEI) | 797 (29.6) | 459 (59.8) | 0.75 (0.70–0.80) | <0.001 (C) | |
Master’s/Doctorate | 631 (24.3) | 495 (78.9) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 0.471 (C) | |
Higher education institute/university (BSc, AEI) | 800 (30.9) | 640 (80.0) | Ref. | ||
Health care profession | Health consultant | 57 (2.2) | 49 (86.0) | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | 0.610 (C) |
Administrative | 178 (6.9) | 108 (60.7) | 0.73 (0.64–0.82) | <0.001 (C) | |
Medical laboratory worker | 85 (3.3) | 49 (57.6) | 0.69 (0.58–0.83) | <0.001 (C) | |
Midwife | 55 (2.1) | 38 (69.1) | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) | 0.006 (C) | |
Health promotion specialist | 50 (1.9) | 41 (82.0) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.798 (C) | |
Other health professionals | 170 (6.6) | 102 (60.0) | 0.72 (0.63–0.82) | <0.001 (C) | |
Nursing staff | 1010 (39.0) | 589 (58.3) | 0.70 (0.66–0.74) | <0.001 | |
Physician | 987 (38.1) | 823 (83.4) | Ref. | ||
Sector of employment | RHC | 983 (37.9) | 759 (77.2) | 0.84 (0.71–1.00) | 0.317 (F) |
UHU | 153 (5.9) | 139 (90.9) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 0.999 (F) | |
Public hospital | 1444 (55.7) | 890 (61.6) | 0.67 (0.56–0.80) | 0.036 (C) | |
Private hospital | 12 (0.5) | 11 (91.7) | Ref. | ||
Sector of employment | Secondary health care | 1456 (56.2) | 901 (61.9) | 0.71 (0.55–0.91) | 0.002 (C) |
Primary health care | 1136 (43.8) | 898 (79.0) | Ref. | ||
Health district of employment | 1st | 189 (7.3) | 146 (77.2) | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) | 0.060 (C) |
3rd | 442 (17.1) | 268 (60.6) | 0.72 (0.65–0.79) | <0.001 (C) | |
4th | 512 (19.8) | 329 (64.3) | 0.76 (0.70–0.83) | <0.001 (C) | |
5th | 602 (23.2) | 395 (65.6) | 0.78 (0.72–0.84) | 0.001 (C) | |
6th | 385 (14.9) | 297 (77.1) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.030 (C) | |
7th | 248 (9.6) | 183 (73.8) | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.005 (C) | |
2nd | 214 (8.3) | 181 (84.6) | Ref. | ||
Health districts of employment (groups) | 3,4,5 (<70%) | 1556 (60.0) | 992 (63.8) | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) | <0.001 (C) |
1,2,6,7 (>70%) | 1036 (40.0) | 807 (77.9) | Ref. | ||
Years of practice | <21.5 | 1831 (71.3) | 1248 (68.2) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.026 (C) |
≥21.5 | 738 (28.7) | 536 (72.6) | Ref. |
Variables | Total N (%) | Vaccinated (%) | Proportional Ratio (95% CI) | Significance | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Which channels do you use to keep informed about the COVID-19 pandemic and the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and how often? | Television, social media channels, general interest websites | 1039 (40.6) | 630 (60.6) | 0.81 (0.76–0.85) | <0.001 (C) |
Medical articles in journals, infectious diseases committees at the health facility, website of the Hellenic National Public Health Organization (NPHO), website of the Hellenic Ministry of Health, newspapers | 1519 (59.4) | 1144 (75.3) | Ref. |
Sources of Information | Proportional Ratio (PR) with 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(Always/often vs. rarely/never) | Q14 Vaccination knowledge (0 incorrect vs. >1 incorrect) | Q15 Vaccination attitudes (0 incorrect vs. >1 incorrect) | Q19 COVID-19 vaccine knowledge (0 incorrect vs. >1 incorrect) | Q17 SIV acceptance |
Television | 0.65 (0.55–0.76) | 0.74 (0.66–0.82) | 0.76 (0.70–0.82) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) |
Social media | 0.80 (0.73–0.89) | 0.73 (0.66–0.82) | 0.83 (0.76–0.89) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) |
Newspapers (print or electronic versions) | 1.12 (1.02–1.24) | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 1.16 (1.07–1.25) | 1.09 (1.03–1.14) |
General interest publications/journals | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) |
Medical articles in journals | 1.78 (1.57–2.03) | 2.20 (1.91–2.54) | 1.80 (1.62–2.00) | 1.32 (1.24–1.41) |
Infectious diseases committees at health facility | 1.11 (1.00–1.22) | 1.16 (1.05–1.28) | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | 1.15 (1.09–1.21) |
General interest websites | 0.88 (0.79–0.98) | 0.83 (0.74–0.92) | 0.84 (0.77–0.91) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) |
Hellenic National Public Health Organization (NPHO) | 1.85 (1.62–2.10) | 1.57 (1.38–1.77) | 1.48 (1.34–1.63) | 1.28 (1.20–1.36) |
Website of the Hellenic Ministry of Health | 1.69 (1.53–1.88) | 1.39 (1.25–1.54) | 1.31 (1.21–1.42) | 1.25 (1.19–1.32) |
Variables | aOR 95% CI | Significance | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (≥53/<53) | 0.79 (0.57–1.10) | 0.159 | |
Gender (male/female) | 1.03 (0.99–1.30) | 0.772 | |
Educational level | High school | 0.64 (0.40–1.01) | 0.053 |
Institute of vocational training (IEK) | 0.81 (0.52–1.26) | 0.355 | |
Technological educational institute (TEI) | 0.82 (0.57–1.17) | 0.276 | |
Master’s/Doctorate | 1.09 (0.80–1.49) | 0.576 | |
Higher education institute/university (BSc, AEI) | Ref. | ||
Health care profession | Nursing staff | 0.66 (0.46–0.93) | 0.018 |
Administrative | 0.59 (0.39–0.91) | 0.017 | |
Health consultant | 1.16 (0.50–2.69) | 0.736 | |
Medical laboratory worker | 0.92 (0.52–1.63) | 0.770 | |
Midwife | 0.72 (0.36–1.46) | 0.360 | |
Health promotion specialist | 1.04 (0.45–2.39) | 0.934 | |
Other health professionals | 0.56 (0.35–0.89) | 0.015 | |
Physician | Ref. | ||
Sector of employment | Secondary health care | 0.59 (0.46–0.75) | <0.001 |
Primary health care | Ref. | ||
Health district of employment (groups) | 3,4,5/1,2,6,7 | 0.66 (0.53–0.81) | <0.001 |
Years of practice | ≥21.5 <21.5 | 0.78 (0.60–1.02) | 0.074 |
Do you belong to a vulnerable/high-risk group due to your medical history? (yes/no) | 1.84 (1.38–2.46) | <0.001 | |
Do you live with older individuals or individuals belonging to a vulnerable/high-risk group due to their medical history? (yes/no) | 1.46 (1.16–1.82) | 0.001 | |
Q14 (0 incorrect/>1 incorrect) Vaccination knowledge question | 1.13 (0.87–1.46) | 0.353 | |
Q15 (0 incorrect/>1 incorrect) Vaccination attitudes question | 1.86 (1.46–2.36) | <0.001 | |
Source of information | Television, social media channels, general interest websites | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 0.078 |
Medical articles in journals, infectious diseases committees at the health facility, website of the Hellenic National Public Health Organization (NPHO), website of the Hellenic Ministry of Health, newspapers | Ref. | ||
Q19 (0 incorrect/>1 incorrect) COVID-19 vaccine knowledge | 1.53 (1.23–1.90) | <0.001 | |
Q20 COVID-19 vaccination or vaccination intention (yes/no) | 3.45 (2.72–4.39) | <0.001 |
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Avakian, I.; Dadouli, K.; Anagnostopoulos, L.; Fotiadis, K.; Lianos, A.; Mina, P.; Hadjichristodoulou, C.; Mouchtouri, V.A. Nationwide Survey on Seasonal Influenza Vaccination among Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece: Determinants, Barriers and Peculiarities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136247
Avakian I, Dadouli K, Anagnostopoulos L, Fotiadis K, Lianos A, Mina P, Hadjichristodoulou C, Mouchtouri VA. Nationwide Survey on Seasonal Influenza Vaccination among Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece: Determinants, Barriers and Peculiarities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(13):6247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136247
Chicago/Turabian StyleAvakian, Ioanna, Katerina Dadouli, Lemonia Anagnostopoulos, Konstantinos Fotiadis, Athanasios Lianos, Paraskevi Mina, Christos Hadjichristodoulou, and Varvara A. Mouchtouri. 2023. "Nationwide Survey on Seasonal Influenza Vaccination among Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece: Determinants, Barriers and Peculiarities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 13: 6247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136247