Mental Health Issues as a Consequence of the Pandemic: Group Psycho-Educational Intervention to Support Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. COVID-19 and Mental Health
1.2. Group Psycho-Educational Intervention for Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Infection: Where We Started and the Structure of the Intervention
2. The Current Study: Aims
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants and Data Collection Procedure
3.2. Data Analysis
3.2.1. Corpus Preparation and Text’s Encoding Strings
3.2.2. Thematic Analysis of Elementary Contexts
3.2.3. Correspondence Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Thematic Analysis of Elementary Contexts
4.3. Correspondence Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nr | Themes | Targets | Working Instruments |
---|---|---|---|
1 | The pandemic and the disease: subjective experience. | History of illness experience and shared representation. Assessment of baseline psychological well-being using psychometric scales. | Narration of the illness experience in the group: patients tell their own illness story in a safe context. The homework includes a graphic exercise in which patients are asked to indicate physical symptoms on a drawing of the human body. They have a card with a printed stylized human figure, on which participants must mark the part of their body perceived as the most affected by post-COVID-19 symptoms. |
2 | Post-COVID-19 and related symptoms. | Indicate physical symptoms, recognize psychological impact of the disease in the present; favor a realistic interpretation of the emotional states connected to the symptoms, and recognize the cognitive biases in the elaboration of one’s own experience of illness. | Sharing within the group the homework assigned at the end of session one. Explanation of the Cognitive Model Antecedent Beliefs and Consequences (ABC) [43]: patients are invited to share and discuss the emotional impact of physical symptoms using the ABC scheme. Then, participants receive the ABC scheme and the homework entails using the scheme to analyze the situations experienced during the following week. |
3 | Dominant emotions and social perception. | Recognize the prevailing emotions in the experience of illness; stigma, isolation, emotional regulation, use of social support. | Sharing within the group the homework assigned at the end of session two: patients share emotions acknowledged through the ABC scheme. The ABC scheme is modified by adding a social resource mapping. The homework entails using the modified ABC scheme to analyze concrete situations during the following week, also evaluating the presence of social support as a resource. |
4 | “Nourishing behaviors”. | Identify and practice wellness behaviors in everyday life. | Introduction to grounding practices [46]: simple practices are proposed in session four and subsequently included at the beginning of each module. Sharing within the group the homework assigned at the end of session three. Presentation of “Wellness Strategies”, a Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) protocol [45,47]. Homework requires that participants identify and introduce well-being behaviors (i.e., “nourishing behaviors”) and grounding practices in their daily lives. |
5 | Cognitive restructuring. | Recognize and analyze negative automatic thoughts; identify alternative thoughts. | Grounding practices. Sharing within the group the homework assigned at the end of session four. One of the psychologists conducts a psycho-educational session on dysfunctional automatic thoughts. The homework entails using a form to examine automatic thoughts [44]: patients receive a list of possible automatic thoughts, and they must use it to analyze concrete situations, and to recognize their automatic thoughts. |
6 | Coping strategies. | Use functional coping strategies to promote adaptation. | Grounding practices. Sharing within the group the homework assigned at the end of session five. Psycho-education on adaptive coping strategies. Homework: patients receive information material on coping strategies [44], and a list of possible coping strategies. They must reflect upon which strategies they use the most, and they write them in a diary. |
7 | Planning and future orientation. | Validate resources; identify concrete goals to pursue in the near future; complete an individual and collective synthesis of group work proposing a representative image, or a metaphor. | Grounding practices. Sharing within the group the homework assigned at the end of session six. Using a form to identify realistic goals [48] through which patients are required to imagine and set realistic goals to be achieved in the near future. Choice of a metaphorical image [49] for the group: patients select an image (among the proposed ones) that allows them to re-read their path through illness using a metaphor. Choice of a shared name of the group. The module ends with the delivery of a certificate of participation. |
8 | Follow-up. | Verification of objectives, resumption of adaptive strategies, and assessment of current (end of group intervention) psychological well-being with psychometric scales. | Patients talk about the difficulties that emerged since the seventh session, and the strategies used to deal with them. |
M ± SD (Min; Max) | |
---|---|
Age | 62.68 ± 8.19 (54; 80) |
Days of hospitalization | 25.28 ± 22.89 (6; 84) |
n | |
Gender Female Male | 10 8 |
Work Status Full-time job Retired | 11 7 |
Prescribed therapy for COVID-19 infection Pharmacological treatment CPAP Hospitalization in intensive care unit | 10 5 3 |
Mourning of a beloved one due to COVID-19 Yes No | 3 15 |
Cluster | Explained Variance | Theme | Lexical Units | χ2 * | Quotes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster 2: Disease | 48.40% | Concrete elements and contextual factors related to COVID-19 disease | Doctor | 53.554 | “At that moment… the pain I felt at the hospital was just indescribable.” “Due to COVID-19 I was hospitalized urgently and I was like that for a week, dressed the same way… I had nothing, I missed everything. Imagine… I spent the day lying down in bed, I felt pain everywhere and I was alone.” |
COVID-19 | 44.815 | ||||
Hospital | 28.634 | ||||
To hospitalize | 16.051 | ||||
To miss | 10.972 | ||||
Pain | 10.721 | ||||
Cluster 3: COVID-19 Emotional Experience | 26.45% | Emotional factors related to COVID-19 and inability to move forward | Anxiety | 200.804 | “It was a nightmare that led to seeing and thinking only of the worst, of the most terrible things... anxiety took over me.” “I tried in every way not to have fear, but I was discouraged just thinking about what was happening.” |
To think | 169.876 | ||||
Fear | 27.002 | ||||
Nightmare | 12.813 | ||||
Anger | 11.812 | ||||
Cluster 1: Upturn | 25.15% | Prospective of positive change | Power | 297.442 | “My past has deeply affected me, but I try to harness my strength and think that we must always move on, whatever happens in life.” “I felt the power to take back what is beautiful in life, after so much effort. So, this period that I’m leaving behind has been like climbing a mountain [...] After a long time I want take up again everything I never even imagined before.” |
Strength | 30.576 | ||||
Life | 26.934 | ||||
To move on | 12.505 | ||||
To take up again | 11.985 | ||||
Motivation | 11.664 |
Factor 1: Cognitive Restructuring | Factor 2: Emotional Elaboration | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative Pole (Bottom of the Graph) | Test Value * | Positive Pole (Top of the Graph) | Test Value * | Negative Pole (Left of the Graph) | Test Value * | Positive Pole (Right of the Graph) | Test Value * |
To hospitalize | −8.5523 | To think | 5.4622 | Pain | −6.4075 | Pleasure | 3.1728 |
Ambulance | −7.6656 | Work | 5.1991 | Cold | −6.0669 | Alone | 2.6933 |
Doctor | −7.5842 | Help | 4.3638 | Cramp | −4.896 | Need | 2.1196 |
Intensive care unit | −7.4841 | Strategy | 3.5306 | Body | −4.2272 | Sadness | 2.1158 |
To die | −5.0759 | To cope | 3.3999 | Tachycardia | −3.7914 | To relax | 2.0202 |
Heavy | −2.1507 | Relation | 2.0437 | Medicine | −2.2747 | To feel | 2.0094 |
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Vagnini, D.; Lamperti, N.; Molgora, S.; Barile, F.; Facchin, F.; Mazza, U.; Saita, E. Mental Health Issues as a Consequence of the Pandemic: Group Psycho-Educational Intervention to Support Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Infection. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 6105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126105
Vagnini D, Lamperti N, Molgora S, Barile F, Facchin F, Mazza U, Saita E. Mental Health Issues as a Consequence of the Pandemic: Group Psycho-Educational Intervention to Support Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Infection. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(12):6105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126105
Chicago/Turabian StyleVagnini, Denise, Nicolò Lamperti, Sara Molgora, Francesca Barile, Federica Facchin, Umberto Mazza, and Emanuela Saita. 2023. "Mental Health Issues as a Consequence of the Pandemic: Group Psycho-Educational Intervention to Support Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Infection" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 12: 6105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126105
APA StyleVagnini, D., Lamperti, N., Molgora, S., Barile, F., Facchin, F., Mazza, U., & Saita, E. (2023). Mental Health Issues as a Consequence of the Pandemic: Group Psycho-Educational Intervention to Support Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Infection. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(12), 6105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20126105