Prevalence of Cigarettes and Waterpipe Smoking among Jordanians, Refugees, and Migrants in Jordan and Its Associated Factors: A Secondary Data Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Study Questionnaire
2.5. Ethical Considerations
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of Smoking
3.3. Factors Associated with Cigarettes and Waterpipe Smoking
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Group | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jordanian Rural n (%) | Jordanian Urban n (%) | Non-Camp Refugees n (%) | Camp Refugees n (%) | Migrant n (%) | Total n (%) | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 115 (49.6) | 552 (51.3) | 551 (46.6) | 463 (45.9) | 769 (71.6) | 2450 (53.6) |
Female | 117 (50.4) | 525 (48.7) | 632 (53.4) | 545 (54.1) | 305 (28.4) | 2124 (46.4) |
Age (year) | ||||||
<25 | 69 (29.7) | 307 (28.5) | 347 (29.3) | 295 (29.3) | 184 (17.1) | 1202 (26.3) |
25–45 | 118 (50.9) | 627 (58.2) | 656 (55.5) | 558 (55.4) | 723 (67.3) | 2682 (58.6) |
>45 | 45 (19.4) | 143 (13.3) | 180 (15.2) | 155 (15.4) | 167 (15.5) | 690 (15.1) |
Governorate | ||||||
Amman | 42 (18.1) | 519 (48.2) | 434 (36.7) | 4 (0.4) | 371 (34.5) | 1370 (30.0) |
Mafraq | 8 (3.4) | 202 (18.8) | 206 (17.4) | 998 (99.0) | 121 (11.3) | 1535 (33.6) |
Zarqa | 12 (5.2) | 226 (21.0) | 188 (15.9) | 2 (0.2) | 373 (34.70 | 801 (17.5) |
Irbid | 170 (73.3) | 130 (12.1) | 355 (30.0) | 4 (0.4) | 209 (19.5) | 868 (19.0) |
Marital Status | ||||||
Single | 107 (46.1) | 417 (38.7) | 403 (34.1) | 267 (26.5) | 234 (21.8) | 1428 (31.2) |
Married | 125 (53.9) | 660 (61.3) | 780 (65.9) | 741 (73.5) | 840 (78.2) | 3146 (68.8) |
Education | ||||||
<high school | 22 (9.5) | 236 (21.9) | 602 (50.9) | 536 (53.2) | 433 (40.3) | 1829 (40.0) |
Completed high school | 66 (28.4) | 314 (29.2) | 309 (26.1) | 283 (28.1) | 298 (27.7) | 1270 (27.8) |
>high school | 144 (62.1) | 527 (48.9) | 272 (23.0) | 189 (18.8) | 343 (31.9) | 1475 (32.2) |
Employment | ||||||
Employed | 85 (36.6) | 409 (38.0) | 361 (30.5) | 244 (24.2) | 780 (72.6) | 1879 (41.1) |
Unemployed | 62 (26.7) | 341 (31.7) | 471 (39.8) | 403 (40.0) | 186 (17.3) | 1463 (32.0) |
Student | 85 (36.6) | 327 (30.40 | 351 (29.7) | 361 (35.8) | 108 (10.1) | 1232 (26.9) |
Borrowed money to pay bills last month | ||||||
Yes | 81 (36.5) | 363 (35.5) | 550 (48.8) | 471 (48.3) | 258 (24.3) | 1723 (39.1) |
No | 126 (56.8) | 539 (52.7) | 428 (38.0) | 429 (44.0) | 699 (65.9) | 2221 (50.4) |
Don’t know | 15 (6.8) | 120 (11.7) | 149 (13.2) | 75 (7.7) | 103 (9.7) | 462 (10.5) |
Group | p-Value (Group Difference) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural Jordanians | Urban Jordanians | Non-Camp Refugees | Camp Refugees | Migrant | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Cigarettes | |||||||||||
Male | 70 | 60.9 | 367 | 66.5 | 355 | 64.4 | 284 | 61.3 | 356 | 46.3 | <0.001 |
Female | 14 | 12.0 | 183 | 34.9 | 198 | 31.3 | 90 | 16.5 | 85 | 27.9 | <0.001 |
Total | 84 | 36.2 | 550 | 51.1 | 553 | 46.7 | 374 | 37.1 | 441 | 41.1 | <0.001 |
p-value (gender difference) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Waterpipe | |||||||||||
Male | 46 | 40.4 | 223 | 40.5 | 265 | 48.1 | 190 | 41.0 | 221 | 28.7 | <0.001 |
Female | 32 | 27.4 | 221 | 42.1 | 246 | 38.9 | 84 | 15.4 | 90 | 29.5 | <0.001 |
Total | 78 | 33.8 | 444 | 41.3 | 511 | 43.2 | 274 | 27.2 | 311 | 29.0 | <0.001 |
p-value (gender difference) | 0.037 | 0.589 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.802 | ||||||
Dual smoking | |||||||||||
Male | 34 | 29.6 | 175 | 31.7 | 208 | 37.7 | 160 | 34.6 | 175 | 22.8 | <0.001 |
Female | 11 | 9.4 | 110 | 21.0 | 132 | 20.9 | 57 | 10.5 | 48 | 15.7 | <0.001 |
Total | 45 | 19.4 | 285 | 26.5 | 340 | 28.7 | 217 | 21.5 | 223 | 20.8 | <0.001 |
p-value (gender difference) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.011 |
Cigarettes Smoking | Waterpipe Smoking | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | OR | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value | OR | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value | ||
Nationality | ||||||||
Rural Jordanians | 1 | 1.0 | ||||||
Urban Jordanians | 1.7 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 0.005 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 0.024 |
Non-camp refugees | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.074 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.009 |
Camp refugees | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.147 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.415 |
Migrants | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.394 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.546 |
Gender (male vs. female) | 4.3 | 3.7 | 4.9 | <0.001 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.7 | <0.001 |
Age (year) | ||||||||
<25 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
25–45 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.7 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.144 |
>45 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.132 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.040 |
Governorate | ||||||||
Irbid | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Amman | 1.9 | 1.5 | 2.3 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.062 |
Mafraq | 1.5 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.001 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.569 |
Zarqa | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.003 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.001 |
Marital status (single vs. married) | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.519 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.117 |
Education | ||||||||
>high school | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
<high school | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.036 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.076 |
High school | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.711 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.038 |
Employment | ||||||||
Student | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||||
Employed | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.176 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.273 |
Unemployed | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.05 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.023 |
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Alkouri, O.; Khader, Y.; Al-Bashaireh, A.M. Prevalence of Cigarettes and Waterpipe Smoking among Jordanians, Refugees, and Migrants in Jordan and Its Associated Factors: A Secondary Data Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010082
Alkouri O, Khader Y, Al-Bashaireh AM. Prevalence of Cigarettes and Waterpipe Smoking among Jordanians, Refugees, and Migrants in Jordan and Its Associated Factors: A Secondary Data Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010082
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlkouri, Osama, Yousef Khader, and Ahmad M. Al-Bashaireh. 2023. "Prevalence of Cigarettes and Waterpipe Smoking among Jordanians, Refugees, and Migrants in Jordan and Its Associated Factors: A Secondary Data Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010082