Predictors of Depression among Individuals Receiving the Basic Livelihood Security Program Benefits in Korea: A Study Based on the Sixth and Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2018)
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. General Characteristics
2.3.2. Oral Health Practices
2.3.3. Depression Score: Patient Health Questionnaire-9
2.4. Ethical Considerations
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of BLPS-Benefit Recipients according to Depression
3.2. Differences in Oral Health Practices according to Depression
3.3. Predictors of Depression in BLSP-Benefit Recipients
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | All (n = 2749) | With Depression (n = 279) | Without Depression (n = 2470) | χ2 or t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or Mean ± SD | |||||
Age (years) | 56.26 ± 18.02 | 50.73 ± 22.10 | 50.33 ± 17.51 | 20.04 | <0.001 |
20–39 | 508 | 32 (11.5) | 476 (19.3) | ||
40–64 | 1064 | 142 (50.9) | 922 (37.3) | ||
65–74 | 584 | 62 (22.2) | 522 (21.1) | ||
≥75 | 593 | 43 (15.4) | 550 (22.3) | ||
Sex | 13.39 | <0.001 | |||
Male | 1047 | 75 (26.9) | 972 (39.4) | ||
Female | 1702 | 204 (73.1) | 1498 (60.6) | ||
Marital status | 5.21 | 0.022 | |||
Married | 2203 | 238 (85.3) | 1965 (79.6) | ||
Unmarried | 546 | 41 (14.7) | 505 (20.4) | ||
Education level | 23.75 | <0.001 | |||
Elementary school below | 1475 | 128 (45.9) | 1347 (54.5) | ||
Middle school | 318 | 55 (19.7) | 263 (10.6) | ||
High school | 660 | 73 (26.2) | 587 (23.8) | ||
≥College | 296 | 23 (8.2) | 273 (11.1) | ||
Economic activity | 15.99 | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 968 | 68 (24.4) | 900 (36.4) | ||
No | 1781 | 211 (75.6) | 1570 (63.6) | ||
Daily function | 59.30 | <0.001 | |||
Good | 1972 | 161 (57.7) | 1811 (73.3) | ||
Not good | 718 | 97 (34.8) | 621 (25.1) | ||
Poor | 59 | 21 (7.5) | 38 (1.5) | ||
Moderate-intensity physical activity | 8.14 | 0.004 | |||
Yes | 169 | 28 (10.0) | 141 (5.7) | ||
No | 2580 | 251 (90.0) | 2329 (94.3) | ||
Smoking | 4.16 | 0.125 | |||
Current Smoker | 857 | 74 (26.5) | 783 (31.7) | ||
Ex-smoker | 478 | 46 (16.5) | 432 (17.5) | ||
Non-smoker | 1414 | 159 (57.0) | 1255 (50.8) | ||
Alcohol drinking | 0.70 | 0.403 | |||
Yes | 2276 | 226 (81.0) | 2050 (83.0) | ||
No | 473 | 53 (19.0) | 420 (17.0) | ||
Perceived health status | 45.35 | <0.001 | |||
Good | 424 | 17 (6.1) | 407 (16.5) | ||
Moderate | 1074 | 85 (30.5) | 989 (40.4) | ||
Poor | 1251 | 177 (63.4) | 1074 (43.5) | ||
Perceived oral health status | 1.40 | 0.498 | |||
Good | 134 | 10 (3.6) | 124 (5.0) | ||
Moderate | 428 | 41 (14.7) | 387 (15.7) | ||
Not good | 2187 | 228 (81.7) | 1959 (79.3) | ||
PHQ-9 Score | 1.17 ± 0.44 | 1.48 ± 0.69 | 1.14 ± 0.39 | −0.89 | <0.001 |
Minimal, 0–4 | 2356 | 178 (63.8) | 2178 (88.2) | ||
Mild to moderate, 5–14 | 319 | 69 (24.7) | 250 (10.1) | ||
Severe, ≥15 | 74 | 32 (11.5) | 42 (1.7) |
Variable | All (n = 2749) | With Depression (n = 279) | Without Depression (n = 2470) | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%), M ± SD | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Dental visit experience in a year | 5.76 | 0.016 | |||
Yes | 532 (19.4) | 69 (24.7) | 463 (18.7) | ||
No | 2217 (80.6) | 210 (75.3) | 2007 (81.3) | ||
Using oral hygiene supplies | 7.26 | 0.007 | |||
Yes | 878 (31.9) | 109 (39.1) | 769 (31.1) | ||
No | 1871 (68.1) | 170 (60.9) | 1701 (68.9) | ||
Preventive dental treatment (per year) | 2.71 | 0.099 | |||
Yes | 438 (15.9) | 54 (19.4) | 2086 (84.5) | ||
No | 2311 (84.1) | 225 (80.6) | 384 (15.5) | ||
Frequency of tooth brushing (time/day) | 2.06 ± 1.22 | 10.34 | 0.006 | ||
0 | 370 (13.5) | 21 (7.5) | 349 (14.1) | ||
1–2 | 1439 (52.3) | 149 (53.4) | 1290 (52.2) | ||
≥3 | 940 (34.2) | 109 (39.1) | 831 (33.6) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp(B) | 95% CI | Exp(B) | 95% CI | |||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
Age | 1.45 | 1.07 | 1.97 | 1.37 | 1.01 | 1.87 |
Sex † | 1.72 | 1.29 | 2.29 | 1.74 | 1.29 | 2.24 |
Marital status† | 1.05 | 0.68 | 1.63 | 1.04 | 0.67 | 1.61 |
Education † | 1.81 | 0.36 | 0.65 | 1.66 | 1.21 | 2.27 |
Daily activities † | 0.75 | 0.55 | 1.01 | 0.89 | 0.63 | 1.32 |
Moderate-intensity physical activity † | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.74 | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.73 |
Economic activity † | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.49 | 0.73 | 0.54 | 1.00 |
Perceived health status † | 0.37 | 0.22 | 0.62 | 0.36 | 0.22 | 0.61 |
Dental visit experience in past year † | 1.26 | 0.92 | 1.73 | |||
Using oral hygiene supplies † | 1.20 | 0.90 | 1.58 | |||
Frequency of tooth brushing † | 1.10 | 0.88 | 1.37 |
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Choi, H.; Shim, J. Predictors of Depression among Individuals Receiving the Basic Livelihood Security Program Benefits in Korea: A Study Based on the Sixth and Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2018). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010194
Choi H, Shim J. Predictors of Depression among Individuals Receiving the Basic Livelihood Security Program Benefits in Korea: A Study Based on the Sixth and Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2018). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010194
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Heejung, and Jaelan Shim. 2023. "Predictors of Depression among Individuals Receiving the Basic Livelihood Security Program Benefits in Korea: A Study Based on the Sixth and Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2018)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010194
APA StyleChoi, H., & Shim, J. (2023). Predictors of Depression among Individuals Receiving the Basic Livelihood Security Program Benefits in Korea: A Study Based on the Sixth and Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2018). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010194