Personal Care and Household Cleaning Product Use among Pregnant Women and New Mothers during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Personal Care and Household Cleaning Product Use, Receipt of Healthcare Provider Advice, and Opinions of Environmental Chemicals
2.2. Sociodemographic and Other Characteristics
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total | Pregnant (n = 98) | New Mother (n = 222) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Time Period of Survey Completion | ||||||
July–October 2020 | 217 | 66 | 58 | 58 | 159 | 70 |
November 2020–February 2021 | 47 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 31 | 14 |
March–June 2021 | 64 | 20 | 26 | 26 | 38 | 17 |
Maternal Age (years), mean (SD) | 32.8 (7.3) | 33.2 (6.2) | 32.6 (7.8) | |||
Maternal Age (years) | ||||||
<30 | 57 | 18 | 15 | 15 | 42 | 19 |
30–<35 | 141 | 44 | 49 | 50 | 92 | 41 |
35 or older | 122 | 38 | 34 | 35 | 88 | 40 |
Race and Ethnicity | ||||||
Non-Hispanic Black | 24 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 18 | 8 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 34 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 20 | 9 |
Hispanic | 30 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 24 | 11 |
Non-Hispanic White | 203 | 63 | 62 | 63 | 141 | 64 |
Other 2 | 29 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 19 | 8 |
Education | ||||||
<College | 41 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 29 | 13 |
College | 95 | 30 | 24 | 24 | 71 | 32 |
Graduate/Professional sSchool | 184 | 57 | 62 | 63 | 122 | 55 |
Essential Worker | ||||||
No | 203 | 63 | 60 | 61 | 143 | 64 |
Yes | 117 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 79 | 36 |
Characteristic | Personal Care Products | Household Cleaning Products | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Adjusted B | 95% CI | Mean | SD | Adjusted B | 95% CI | |
Time of Survey Completion | ||||||||
July–October 2020 | 14.4 | 3.6 | Reference | 7.1 | 3.7 | Reference | ||
November 2020–February 2021 | 15.1 | 3.1 | −0.06 | −1.26, 1.14 | 8.2 | 3.8 | 0.51 | −0.69, 1.70 |
March–June 2021 | 15.2 | 3.3 | 0.61 | −0.43, 1.65 | 7.6 | 3.3 | 0.16 | −0.88, 1.20 |
Maternal Status | ||||||||
Pregnant | 14.8 | 3.3 | 0.08 | −0.77, 0.93 | 7.0 | 3.4 | −0.44 | −1.29, 0.41 |
New Mom | 14.7 | 3.6 | Reference | 7.5 | 3.7 | Reference | ||
Maternal Age (years) | ||||||||
<30 | 14.2 | 3.8 | −0.79 | −1.91, 0.33 | 7.9 | 4.1 | 0.03 | −1.08, 1.15 |
30–<35 | 15.1 | 3.6 | Reference | 7.5 | 3.7 | Reference | ||
35 and older | 14.4 | 3.2 | −0.64 | −1.50, 0.22 | 6.9 | 3.2 | −0.56 | −1.41, 0.30 |
Race and Ethnicity | ||||||||
Non-Hispanic Black | 16.1 | 1.8 | 1.68 | 0.18, 3.18 2 | 10.0 | 3.7 3 | 2.74 | 1.24, 4.24 2 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 15.1 | 3.8 | 0.80 | −0.49, 2.08 | 7.1 | 3.9 | 0.20 | −1.08, 1.49 |
Hispanic | 15.2 | 4.0 | 1.19 | −0.26, 2.64 | 7.7 | 3.8 | 0.26 | −1.19, 1.71 |
Non-Hispanic White | 14.3 | 3.5 | Reference | 6.9 | 3.4 | Reference | ||
Other 4 | 15.3 | 3.2 | 1.25 | −0.13, 2.63 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 1.22 | −0.16, 2.60 |
Education | ||||||||
<College | 14.3 | 4.1 | −0.80 | −2.05, 0.45 | 8.1 | 3.5 | 0.60 | −0.64, 1.85 |
College | 15.1 | 3.7 | 0.58 | −0.31, 1.47 | 7.8 | 3.6 | 0.92 | 0.03, 1.81 2 |
Graduate/Professional School | 14.6 | 3.2 | Reference | 7.0 | 3.6 | Reference | ||
Essential Worker | ||||||||
No | 14.5 | 3.5 | Reference | 7.0 | 3.6 3 | Reference | ||
Yes | 15.0 | 3.5 | 0.45 | −0.40, 1.30 | 8.0 | 3.6 | 1.19 | 0.34, 2.04 2 |
Use Antibacterial PCP More Often 1 | Use Antibacterial HCP More Often 2 | Use Organic PCP More Often 3 | Use Organic HCP More Often 4 | Received PCP Advice 5 | Received HCP Advice 6 | Agree: Chemicals Pose Health Risks 7 | Agree: Chemicals Impossible to Avoid 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
All Women | 107 (33) | 171 (53) | 73 (23) | 83 (26) | 74 (23) | 52 (16) | 302 (94) | 257 (80) |
Time of Survey Completion | ||||||||
July–October 2020 | 70 (32) | 118 (55) | 44 (21) | 52 (24) | 44 (21) | 29 (14) | 202 (94) | 171 (80) |
November 2020–February 2021 | 18 (40) | 19 (44) | 11 (26) | 10 (23) | 12 (28) | 11 (26) | 41 (95) | 36 (84) |
March–June 2021 | 22 (34) | 34 (53) | 18 (28) | 21 (33) | 18 (28) | 12 (19) | 59 (92) | 50 (78) |
Maternal Status | ||||||||
Pregnant | 32 (33) | 45 (46) | 19 (19) | 24 (24) | 25 (26) | 12 (12) | 94 (96) | 81 (83) |
New Mom | 75 (34) | 126 (57) | 54 (24) | 59 (27) | 49 (22) | 40 (18) | 208 (94) | 176 (79) |
Maternal Age (years) | ||||||||
<30 | 17 (30) | 27 (47) | 16 (28) 9 | 16 (28) | 14 (25) | 12 (21) | 53 (93) | 46 (81) |
30–<35 | 45 (32) | 78 (55) | 40 (28) | 41 (29) | 36 (26) | 24 (17) | 132 (94) | 113 (80) |
35 and older | 45 (37) | 66 (54) | 17 (14) | 26 (21) | 24 (20) | 16 (13) | 117 (96) | 98 (80) |
Race and Ethnicity | ||||||||
Non-Hispanic Black | 9 (38) | 16 (67) 1 | 8 (33) | 9 (38) | 7 (29) | 6 (25) 9 | 24 (100) | 22 (92) |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 9 (26) | 19 (56) | 11 (32) | 12 (35) | 6 (18) | 7 (21) | 34 (100) | 29 (85) |
Hispanic | 15 (50) | 22 (73) | 10 (33) | 9 (30) | 11 (37) | 10 (33) | 28 (93) | 22 (73) |
Non-Hispanic White | 60 (30) | 94 (46) | 37 (18) | 45 (22) | 42 (21) | 24 (12) | 188 (93) | 161 (79) |
Other 10 | 14 (48) | 20 (69) | 7 (24) | 8 (28) | 8 (28) | 5 (17) | 28 (97) | 23 (79) |
Education | ||||||||
<College | 11 (27) | 21 (51) | 12 (29) | 13 (32) | 12 (29) | 11 (27) | 38 (93) | 33 (80) |
College | 33 (35) | 57 (60) | 26 (27) | 25 (26) | 21 (22) | 18 (19) | 87 (92) | 74 (78) |
Graduate/Professional School | 63 (34) | 93 (51) | 35 (19) | 45 (24) | 41 (22) | 23 (13) | 177 (96) | 150 (82) |
Essential Worker | ||||||||
No | 67 (33) | 109 (54) | 43 (21) | 50 (25) | 51 (25) | 30 (15) | 191 (94) | 162 (80) |
Yes | 40 (34) | 62 (53) | 30 (26) | 33 (28) | 23 (20) | 22 (19) | 111 (95) | 95 (81) |
Characteristic | Use Antibacterial PCP More Often 2 | Use Organic PCP More Often 3 | Use Antibacterial HCP More Often 4 | Use Organic HCP More Often 5 | Received PCP Advice 6 | Received HCP Advice 7 | Agree: Chemicals are Impossible to Avoid 8 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aPR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | |
Time of Survey Completion | ||||||||||||||
July–October 2020 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
November 2020–February 2021 | 0.93 | 0.58, 1.47 | 1.07 | 0.60, 1.89 | 0.66 | 0.46, 0.94 | 0.85 | 0.47, 1.54 | 1.16 | 0.64, 2.11 | 1.48 | 0.77, 2.83 | 1.05 | 0.91, 1.21 |
March–June 2021 | 1.07 | 0.71, 1.61 | 1.41 | 0.89, 2.24 | 1.00 | 0.76, 1.31 | 1.36 | 0.88, 2.09 | 1.62 | 0.98, 2.66 | 1.37 | 0.72, 2.60 | 0.95 | 0.82, 1.11 |
Maternal Status | ||||||||||||||
Pregnant | 1.02 | 0.72, 1.42 | 0.74 | 0.47, 1.15 | 0.85 | 0.66, 1.08 | 0.88 | 0.58, 1.33 | 1.13 | 0.75, 1.71 | 0.66 | 0.37, 1.19 | 1.04 | 0.93, 1.16 |
New Mom | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
Maternal Age (years) | ||||||||||||||
<30 | 0.96 | 0.60, 1.55 | 0.88 | 0.53, 1.44 | 0.84 | 0.62, 1.15 | 0.91 | 0.55, 1.50 | 0.92 | 0.53, 1.61 | 1.00 | 0.54, 1.87 | 1.00 | 0.86, 1.17 |
30–34 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
35 and older | 1.19 | 0.85, 1.67 | 0.47 | 0.28, 0.79 10 | 0.99 | 0.80, 1.23 | 0.72 | 0.47, 1.11 | 0.77 | 0.48, 1.21 | 0.76 | 0.42, 1.35 | 1.00 | 0.88, 1.13 |
Race and Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic Black | 1.36 | 0.79, 2.35 | 1.70 | 0.96, 2.99 | 1.57 | 1.15, 2.13 10 | 1.70 | 0.98, 2.96 | 1.38 | 0.68, 2.79 | 1.78 | 0.85, 3.75 | 1.15 | 0.99, 1.33 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.88 | 0.48, 1.63 | 1.96 | 1.13, 3.40 10 | 1.26 | 0.90, 1.77 | 1.67 | 0.99, 2.82 | 0.86 | 0.40, 1.87 | 1.79 | 0.83, 3.85 | 1.07 | 0.91, 1.25 |
Hispanic | 1.97 | 1.22, 3.19 10 | 1.59 | 0.90, 2.80 | 1.83 | 1.35, 2.47 10 | 1.34 | 0.73, 2.46 | 1.79 | 0.97, 3.31 | 2.07 | 1.02, 4.19 10 | 0.91 | 0.73, 1.13 |
Non-Hispanic White | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
Other 9 | 1.73 | 1.11, 2.68 10 | 1.33 | 0.65, 2.74 | 1.64 | 1.25, 2.15 10 | 1.27 | 0.66, 2.43 | 1.31 | 0.71, 2.40 | 1.37 | 0.58, 3.25 | 0.99 | 0.81, 1.21 |
Education | ||||||||||||||
<College | 0.67 | 0.39, 1.17 | 1.23 | 0.69, 2.20 | 0.91 | 0.63, 1.30 | 1.16 | 0.67, 2.01 | 1.05 | 0.59, 1.88 | 1.58 | 0.77, 3.24 | 1.00 | 0.85, 1.18 |
College | 1.01 | 0.72, 1.43 | 1.41 | 0.90, 2.20 | 1.19 | 0.96, 1.48 | 1.07 | 0.70, 1.66 | 0.91 | 0.57, 1.46 | 1.41 | 0.81, 2.44 | 0.96 | 0.84, 1.09 |
Graduate/Professional School | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
Essential Worker | ||||||||||||||
No | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
Yes | 1.02 | 0.73, 1.43 | 1.05 | 0.69, 1.61 | 0.99 | 0.80, 1.22 | 1.01 | 0.68, 1.51 | 0.66 | 0.41, 1.06 | 1.17 | 0.68, 1.98 | 1.03 | 0.92, 1.15 |
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Deierlein, A.L.; Grayon, A.R.; Zhu, X.; Sun, Y.; Liu, X.; Kohlasch, K.; Stein, C.R. Personal Care and Household Cleaning Product Use among Pregnant Women and New Mothers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095645
Deierlein AL, Grayon AR, Zhu X, Sun Y, Liu X, Kohlasch K, Stein CR. Personal Care and Household Cleaning Product Use among Pregnant Women and New Mothers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095645
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeierlein, Andrea L., Alexis R. Grayon, Xiaotong Zhu, Yanwen Sun, Xun Liu, Kaelyn Kohlasch, and Cheryl R. Stein. 2022. "Personal Care and Household Cleaning Product Use among Pregnant Women and New Mothers during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095645