Data to Decisions: Methods to Create Neighbourhood Built Environment Indicators Relevant for Early Childhood Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Linkage Process
2.2. Early Childhood Development Data and Measures
- (1)
- Physical health and wellbeing refers to children’s physical readiness for the school day, physical independence, and fine motor skills.
- (2)
- Social competence refers to children’s overall social competence, responsibility and respect, approach to learning, and readiness to explore new things.
- (3)
- Emotional maturity refers to children’s pro-social and helping behaviours, and absence of anxious and fearful behaviour, aggressive behaviour, and hyperactivity and inattention.
- (4)
- Language and cognitive skills (school-based) refers to children’s basic literacy, and interest in literacy, numeracy and memory, advanced literacy, and basic numeracy.
- (5)
- Communication skills and general knowledge refers to children’s communication skills and general knowledge based on broad developmental competencies and skills.
2.3. Built Environment Data and Measures
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Potential of AEDC-BE to Address Key Gaps in Neighbourhood Effects and ECD Research
4.2. Challenges and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feature | Built Environment Measures |
---|---|
Destinations and services | Count of destination type, any distance up to 3200 m. Closest distance (m) to destination from parcel/lot address to child care centre, library, general practitioner, preschool, primary school, maternal and child health centre, food outlet, sporting facility, swimming pool, community centre. Quality of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services: e.g., derived from the Australian Children’s Education & Care Quality Authority (ACECQA) data. |
Public open space (POS) | POS types: park, public school ground, natural areas, beach. Count of each POS type, any distance up to 3200 m. Closest distance (m) to each POS type; + park attributes: playground, sport ground, water feature, amenities (toilet, picnic area); + POS size (any, ≥0.5 ha; ≥1 ha; ≥1.5 ha; ≥2 ha; ≥5 ha). |
Walkability/connectivity | Walkability and street connectivity, 1600 m. Street connectivity per square kilometre for 1600 m street network distance Walkability refers to daily living destination access score for 1600 m street network distance. The daily living score refers to a broader set of neighbourhood destinations that people might regularly visit. The presence or absence is 0 or 1 for the following 11 destinations within 1600 m, and summed to provide a score between 0–11: (1) convenience store, supermarket; (2) public transport stop; (3) speciality food (e.g., fruit, veggie, meat, fish); (4) post-office; (5) bank; (6) pharmacy; (7) general practitioner/medical centre; (8) dentist; (9) community centre/hall; (10) child care facility; (11) library. Walkability traditionally combines a land use mix, street connectivity, and residential density. LUM is difficult to calculate at a national level due to a lack of data. There have been issues with the LUM entropy measure; hence, the ‘daily living score’ is used as a replacement; this has been validated in another study [54]. |
Public transport | Public transport stop = ferry, tram, train, bus Count of public transport stops, any distance up to 3200 m. Closest distance (m) to public transport stop. Frequency of public transport: % of residential dwellings within 400 m of a public transport stop with a scheduled service at least every 30 min between 7 am and 7 pm on a normal weekday. |
Housing | Housing stress: Average percentage of SA1 households with income in the bottom 40% of the income distribution spending more than 30% of household income on housing costs. Renters: % of residential dwellings renting as a proportion of total in area. Type: % of separate house, semi-detached, units/apartments. |
Traffic | Length of different road volume types (m) to busy roads within the area. |
Not Developmentally Vulnerable | Developmentally Vulnerable on at Least One Domain (DV1) | Missing Development Outcome | Overall Sample | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Age group a | ||||||||
Under 5 years | 651 | 74.9 | 173 | 19.9 | 45 | 5.2 | 869 | 100 |
5 years | 128,733 | 74.5 | 36,866 | 21.3 | 7139 | 4.1 | 172,738 | 100 |
6+ years | 46,752 | 75.3 | 10,377 | 16.7 | 4919 | 7.9 | 62,048 | 100 |
Gender | ||||||||
Female | 94,639 | 82.39 | 16,410 | 14.29 | 3816 | 3.32 | 114,865 | 100 |
Male | 81,467 | 67.47 | 31,006 | 25.67 | 8287 | 6.86 | 120,790 | 100 |
Maternal education b | ||||||||
Year 9 or less | 3448 | 53.9 | 2540 | 39.7 | 404 | 6.3 | 6392 | 100 |
Year 10 | 7584 | 62.6 | 3737 | 30.9 | 792 | 6.5 | 12,113 | 100 |
Year 11 | 4556 | 65.9 | 1959 | 28.4 | 395 | 5.7 | 6910 | 100 |
Year 12 or more | 147,598 | 77.3 | 34,382 | 18.0 | 8932 | 4.7 | 190,912 | 100 |
Missing | 12,950 | 67.0 | 4798 | 24.8 | 1580 | 8.2 | 19,328 | 100 |
SEIFA-IRSD of SA1 | ||||||||
Q1 Most disadvantaged | 24,128 | 64.2 | 10,945 | 29.1 | 2503 | 6.7 | 37,576 | 100 |
Quintile 2 | 27,876 | 70.4 | 9402 | 23.8 | 2301 | 5.8 | 39,579 | 100 |
Quintile 3 | 33,674 | 74.9 | 8965 | 19.9 | 2300 | 5.1 | 44,939 | 100 |
Quintile 4 | 40,964 | 78.1 | 9006 | 17.2 | 2463 | 4.7 | 52,433 | 100 |
Q5 Least disadvantaged | 48,834 | 81.1 | 8907 | 14.8 | 2498 | 4.1 | 60,239 | 100 |
Missing/not applicable | 660 | 74.2 | 191 | 21.5 | 38 | 4.3 | 889 | 100 |
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | ||||||||
No | 171,411 | 75.3 | 44,701 | 19.6 | 11,432 | 5 | 227,544 | 100 |
Yes | 4725 | 58.3 | 2715 | 33.5 | 671 | 8.3 | 8111 | 100 |
Language background other than English | ||||||||
No | 134,466 | 76.2 | 32,410 | 18.4 | 9517 | 5.4 | 176,393 | 100 |
Yes | 41,670 | 70.3 | 15,006 | 25.3 | 2586 | 4.4 | 59,262 | 100 |
Child has special needs | ||||||||
No | 176,136 | 78.4 | 47,416 | 21.1 | 1238 | 0.6 | 224,790 | 100 |
Yes | - | - | - | - | 10,865 | 100 | 10,865 | 100 |
Local community area remoteness category c | ||||||||
Major Cities | 157,000 | 74.9 | 41,782 | 19.9 | 10,766 | 5.1 | 209,548 | 100 |
Regional (inner or outer) | 19,116 | 73.3 | 5631 | 21.6 | 1336 | 5.1 | 26,083 | 100 |
State/Territory | ||||||||
Australian Capital Territory | 3989 | 73.8 | 1157 | 21.4 | 258 | 4.8 | 5404 | 100 |
New South Wales | 55,823 | 76.1 | 13,783 | 18.8 | 3748 | 5.1 | 73,354 | 100 |
Northern Territory | 1340 | 70.3 | 458 | 24.0 | 107 | 5.6 | 1905 | 100 |
Queensland | 35,612 | 71.2 | 11,991 | 24.0 | 2411 | 4.8 | 50,014 | 100 |
South Australia | 10,968 | 72.4 | 3270 | 21.6 | 919 | 6.1 | 15,157 | 100 |
Tasmania | 2955 | 76.1 | 769 | 19.8 | 157 | 4.0 | 3881 | 100 |
Victoria | 45,623 | 76.0 | 10,995 | 18.3 | 3443 | 5.7 | 60,061 | 100 |
Western Australia | 19,826 | 76.6 | 4993 | 19.3 | 1060 | 4.1 | 25,879 | 100 |
Total | 176,136 | 74.7 | 47,416 | 20.1 | 12,103 | 5.1 | 235,655 | 100 |
Destinations 1600 m 1 from Child’s Home Address | Destinations 3200 m 1 from Child′s Home Address | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neighbourhood Disadvantage | Public Transport n (%) | Public Open Space (POS) n (%) | Early Childhood Education and Care Services n (%) | Family-Friendly Destinations n (%) | Food Outlets n (%) | # Total | ||||||||||||||
No Public Transport Stops | No Frequent Public Transport Stops | No POS | No POS ≤ 0.4 Ha | No POS > 0.4 to ≤ 1 Ha | Count of POS ≤ 0.4 Ha | No POS > 1.5 Ha | No Playgrounds | No Childcare Centres Meeting National Standards | No Childcare Centres Exceeding National Standards | No Preschool Services Meeting National Standards | No Preschool Services Exceeding National Standards | No Sport Facilities | No Public Swimming Pools | No Public Libraries | No Community Centres | No Activity Centres | No Family-Friendly Destinations | No Healthier Food Outlets | ||
Major City (n = 182,913), n (%) Without Access | ||||||||||||||||||||
Q1 | 14 (0.1) | 4560 (16.3) | 55 (0.2) | 2392 (8.5) | 2731 (9.8) | 66 (0.2) | 154 (0.6) | 2871 (10.3) | 47 (0.2) | 659 (2.5) | 1104 (4.2) | 3763 (14.4) | 56 (0.2) | 8255 (29.5) | 5555 (19.8) | 10,105 (36.1) | 1945 (6.9) | 44 (0.2) | 73 (0.3) | 28,023 (100.0) |
Q2 | 203 (0.7) | 7461 (25.1) | 153 (0.5) | 2990 (10.1) | 3541 (11.9) | 173 (0.6) | 330 (1.1) | 2902 (9.8) | 230 (0.9) | 1320 (5.0) | 2233 (8.5) | 4514 (17.1) | 141 (0.5) | 10,840 (36.5) | 9179 (30.9) | 15,258 (51.3) | 4337 (14.6) | 121 (0.4) | 284 (1.0) | 29,741 (100.0) |
Q3 | 562 (1.6) | 9726 (28.3) | 361 (1.1) | 3593 (10.5) | 4134 (12.0) | 416 (1.2) | 678 (2.0) | 3334 (9.7) | 473 (1.6) | 1859 (6.1) | 3078 (10.1) | 5550 (18.2) | 584 (1.7) | 12,465 (36.2) | 12,285 (35.7) | 17,734 (51.6) | 5419 (15.8) | 456 (1.3) | 325 (1.0) | 34,391 (100.0) |
Q4 | 1049 (2.5) | 11,854 (28.7) | 536 (1.3) | 4418 (10.7) | 5153 (12.5) | 589 (1.4) | 937 (2.3) | 4620 (11.2) | 789 (2.2) | 2208 (6.2) | 4155 (11.6) | 6724 (18.8) | 1097 (2.7) | 15,480 (37.5) | 15,697 (38.0) | 20,904 (50.6) | 7790 (18.8) | 813 (2.0) | 481 (1.2) | 41,339 (100.0) |
Q5 | 1291 (2.6) | 14,961 (30.3) | 414 (0.8) | 4839 (9.8) | 6546 (13.3) | 480 (1.0) | 764 (1.6) | 5117 (10.4) | 880 (2.1) | 2058 (4.9) | 3920 (9.3) | 6435 (15.3) | 811 (1.6) | 16,570 (33.5) | 17,771 (36.0) | 25,461 (51.5) | 8954 (18.1) | 599 (1.2) | 536 (1.1) | 49,419 (100.0) |
^ Total | 3119 (1.7) | 48,562 (26.6) | 1519 (0.8) | 18,232 (10.0) | 22,105 (12.1) | 1724 (0.9) | 2863 (1.6) | 18,844 (10.3) | 2419 (1.5) | 8104 (5.0) | 14,490 (9.0) | 26,986 (16.7) | 2689 (1.5) | 63,610 (34.8) | 60,487 (33.1) | 89,462 (48.9) | 28,445 (15.6) | 2033 (1.1) | 1699 (0.9) | 182,913 (100.0) |
Regional City (n = 22,117), n (%) Without Access | ||||||||||||||||||||
Q1 | 285 (8.0) | 2266 (63.7) | 151 (4.3) | 981 (27.6) | 1042 (29.3) | 158 (4.4) | 236 (6.6) | 1493 (42.0) | 182 (6.6) | 409 (14.8) | 271 (9.8) | 647 (23.4) | 177 (5.0) | 1322 (37.2) | 1247 (35.1) | 1924 (54.1) | 953 (26.8) | 120 (3.4) | 25 (0.7) | 3556 (100.0) |
Q2 | 641 (14.6) | 3220 (73.4) | 376 (8.6) | 1613 (36.8) | 1416 (32.3) | 398 (9.1) | 548 (12.5) | 1823 (41.6) | 520 (13.7) | 841 (22.2) | 721 (19.0) | 1195 (31.5) | 497 (11.3) | 2138 (48.7) | 2332 (53.2) | 2953 (67.3) | 1631 (37.2) | 458 (10.4) | 63 (1.4) | 4387 (100.0) |
Q3 | 1203 (23.9) | 4050 (80.5) | 827 (16.4) | 2272 (45.2) | 2171 (43.2) | 875 (17.4) | 1075 (21.4) | 2228 (44.3) | 923 (21.6) | 1646 (38.6) | 1384 (32.4) | 2117 (49.6) | 945 (18.8) | 3050 (60.6) | 3381 (67.2) | 3871 (76.9) | 2609 (51.9) | 875 (17.4) | 100 (2.0) | 5031 (100.0) |
Q4 | 1168 (23.0) | 4206 (83.0) | 882 (17.4) | 2242 (44.2) | 2475 (48.8) | 961 (19.0) | 1110 (21.9) | 2441 (48.2) | 1191 (27.6) | 1907 (44.2) | 1720 (39.8) | 2419 (56.0) | 1195 (23.6) | 3343 (66.0) | 3784 (74.7) | 4163 (82.1) | 3045 (60.1) | 1128 (22.3) | 189 (3.7) | 5069 (100.0) |
Q5 | 962 (23.6) | 3565 (87.5) | 578 (14.2) | 1857 (45.6) | 1998 (49.0) | 665 (16.3) | 818 (20.1) | 2155 (52.9) | 1016 (27.5) | 1541 (41.6) | 1416 (38.3) | 1942 (52.5) | 795 (19.5) | 2549 (62.6) | 3099 (76.1) | 3410 (83.7) | 2491 (61.1) | 760 (18.7) | 171 (4.2) | 4074 (100.0) |
^ Total | 4259 (19.3) | 17,307 (78.3) | 2814 (12.7) | 8965 (40.5) | 9102 (41.2) | 3057 (13.8) | 3787 (17.1) | 10,140 (45.9) | 3832 (20.3) | 6344 (33.7) | 5512 (29.2) | 8320 (44.1) | 3609 (16.3) | 12,402 (56.1) | 13,843 (62.6) | 16,321 (73.8) | 10,729 (48.5) | 3341 (15.1) | 548 (2.5) | 22,117 (100.0) |
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Villanueva, K.; Alderton, A.; Higgs, C.; Badland, H.; Goldfeld, S. Data to Decisions: Methods to Create Neighbourhood Built Environment Indicators Relevant for Early Childhood Development. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095549
Villanueva K, Alderton A, Higgs C, Badland H, Goldfeld S. Data to Decisions: Methods to Create Neighbourhood Built Environment Indicators Relevant for Early Childhood Development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(9):5549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095549
Chicago/Turabian StyleVillanueva, Karen, Amanda Alderton, Carl Higgs, Hannah Badland, and Sharon Goldfeld. 2022. "Data to Decisions: Methods to Create Neighbourhood Built Environment Indicators Relevant for Early Childhood Development" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9: 5549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095549