Patterns of Living Lost? Measuring Community Participation and Other Influences on the Health of Older Migrants in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework for Community Participation
2.1. Elements of Community Participation
2.2. Forms of Community Participation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Data Collection
3.3. Data Analysis
3.3.1. Dependent Variables
3.3.2. Independent Variables
3.3.3. Control Variables
3.3.4. Regression Analyses
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Contributions and Limitations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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City | Survey Samples | Valid Samples | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage (%) | Number | Percentage (%) | |
Hangzhou | 376 | 30.92% | 363 | 32.85% |
Ningbo | 347 | 28.54% | 327 | 29.59% |
Wenzhou | 228 | 18.75% | 193 | 17.47% |
Jiaxing | 265 | 21.79% | 222 | 20.09% |
Total | 1216 | 100.00% | 1105 | 100.00% |
Variable | Code | Percentage (%) | Mean | SD | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent variables | Health status | ||||||
Self-assessed health | 1 = Very unhealthy | 0.90% | 3.8878 | 0.8608 | 1 | 5 | |
2 = Relatively unhealthy | 5.25% | ||||||
3 = Average | 22.08% | ||||||
4 = Relatively healthy | 47.69% | ||||||
5 = Very healthy | 24.07% | ||||||
Chronic illness | 0 = No | 44.07% | 0.5593 | 0.4967 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = Yes | 55.93% | ||||||
Self-care capability | 0 = Impaired self-care capability | 21.36% | 0.7864 | 0.4100 | 0 | 1 | |
1= Full capability of self-care | 78.64% | ||||||
Human capital | |||||||
Educational attainment | 1 = Primary school and below | 55.57% | 1.4960 | 0.5945 | 1 | 3 | |
2 = Middle and high school (vocational high school) | 39.28% | ||||||
3 = Tertiary institutions and above | 5.16% | ||||||
Vocational skills with relevant qualification and certificates | 0 = No | 91.31% | 0.0869 | 0.2818 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = Yes | 8.69% | ||||||
Knowledge of local language | 0 = No | 68.05% | 0.3195 | 0.4665 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = Yes | 31.95% | ||||||
Environmental Characteristics | |||||||
Urban inclusion | 0 = No | 38.82% | 0.6118 | 0.4876 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = Yes | 61.18% | ||||||
Community support | 0 = No | 62.08% | 0.3792 | 0.4854 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = Yes | 37.92% | ||||||
Resident friendship | 0 = No | 62.17% | 0.3783 | 0.4852 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = Yes | 37.83% | ||||||
Control variables | Gender | 0 = Female | 51.58% | 0.4842 | 0.5000 | 0 | 1 |
1 = Male | 48.42% | ||||||
Age | 0 = 60–69 | 78.55% | 0.2145 | 0.4107 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = ≥70 | 21.45% | ||||||
Type of household registration | 0 = Agricultural | 69.59% | 0.3041 | 0.4602 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = Non-agricultural | 30.41% | ||||||
Living with family members | 0 = No | 12.49% | 0.8751 | 0.3307 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = Yes | 87.51% | ||||||
Migration place | 0 = City-to-city migration | 20.09% | 0.7791 | 0.4009 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = Interprovincial migration | 79.91% | ||||||
Migration period | 0 = <5 years | 62.44% | 0.3756 | 0.4845 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = ≥5 years | 37.46% | ||||||
Political identity | 0 = Public | 91.1% | 0.0887 | 0.2844 | 0 | 1 | |
1 = Member of Communist Party of China | 8.9% | ||||||
Self-assessed economic status | 1 = Very poor | 0.36% | 3.1548 | 0.6143 | 1 | 5 | |
2 = Relatively poor | 9.68% | ||||||
3 = Average | 65.61% | ||||||
4 = Relatively wealthy | 22.81 | ||||||
5 = Very wealthy | 1.54% |
Number of Participants (n) | Percentage of Participation (%) | |
---|---|---|
Welfare participation | 273 | 24.71% |
Health services | 161 | 14.60% |
Privilege card application | 137 | 12.40% |
Elderly care services | 94 | 15.70% |
Development participation | 168 | 15.20% |
Voluntary services | 98 | 8.9% |
Political advice | 116 | 10.5% |
Organizational participation | 99 | 8.96% |
Community social organizations | 93 | 8.4% |
Old age associations | 21 | 1.9% |
Education organizations | 18 | 1.6% |
Total | 364 | 32.94% |
Variable | M1 (General Participation) | M2 (General Participation) | M3 (Welfare Participation) | M4 (Development Participation) | M5 (Organizational Participation) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | exp (B) | B | exp (B) | B | exp (B) | B | exp (B) | B | exp (B) | |
Health status | ||||||||||
Self-assessed health | 0.012 | 1.012 | 0.022 | 1.022 | −0.016 | 0.984 | 0.098 | 1.103 | 0.158 | 1.171 |
Full self-care capability | 0.351 | 1.420 * | 0.400 | 1.491 * | 0.821 | 2.273 *** | 0.324 | 1.732 | 0.278 | 1.320 |
Chronic illness (None) | 0.558 | 1.747 ** | 0.502 | 1.652 ** | 0.500 | 1.649 ** | 0.227 | 1.254 | 0.421 | 1.523 |
Human capital | ||||||||||
Educational attainment (Tertiary institutions and above) | ||||||||||
Primary school and below | −1.253 | 0.286 *** | −0.668 | 0.512 * | −0.689 | 0.502 | −1.261 | 0.283 ** | −1.054 | 0.349 * |
Middle and high school | −0.436 | 0.647 | −0.044 | 0.957 | −0.210 | 0.810 | −0.224 | 0.799 | −0.397 | 0.673 |
Attained qualification certificates | 0.247 | 1.281 | 0.102 | 1.108 | 0.172 | 1.187 | 0.476 | 1.621 | 0.199 | 1.820 |
Knowledge of local language | 0.338 | 1.402 * | 0.262 | 1.300* | −0.054 | 0.948 | 0.590 | 1.804 ** | 0.108 | 1.898 |
Environmental characteristics | ||||||||||
Urban inclusion | 0.604 | 1.829 *** | 0.575 | 1.778 ** | 0.586 | 1.797 ** | 0.597 | 1.817 * | 1.166 | 3.209 ** |
Community support | 0.267 | 1.306 | 0.253 | 1.228 | 0.318 | 1.374 | 0.410 | 1.508 * | 0.413 | 1.512 * |
Resident friendship | 0.432 | 1.540 ** | 0.406 | 1.500* | 0.506 | 1.659 ** | 0.467 | 1.595 * | 0.279 | 1.321 |
Control variables | ||||||||||
Gender (female) | −0.397 | 0.672 ** | −0.414 | 0.616 * | −0.054 | 0.947 | −0.200 | 0.819 | ||
Age (<70) | 0.079 | 1.083 | 0.311 | 1.365 | 0.067 | 1.069 | −0.299 | 0.742 | ||
Type of household registration (agricultural) | 0.575 | 1.777 ** | 0.517 | 1.676 * | 0.961 | 2.614 *** | 1.857 | 6.405 *** | ||
Interprovincial migration (city-to city migration) | −0.729 | 0.482 *** | −0.701 | 0.496 *** | −0.664 | 0.515 ** | −0.658 | 0.518 * | ||
Migration period ≥5 years | 0.773 | 2.166 *** | 0.788 | 2.199 *** | 0.812 | 2.253 *** | 0.820 | 2.271 ** | ||
Political identity (non-members of Communist Party of China) | 0.999 | 2.715 *** | 0.831 | 2.296 ** | 0.442 | 1.526 | 0.453 | 1.572 | ||
Living with family members ( no) | −0.509 | 0.601 * | −0.383 | 0.682 | −0.639 | 0.528 * | 0.274 | 1.315 | ||
Self-assessed economic status | −0.018 | 0.982 | −0.197 | 0.821 | 0.106 | 1.112 | −0.302 | 0.704 | ||
Constant | −1.357 | 0.257 | −1.144 | 0.319 | −1.293 | 0.275 | −2.447 | 0.087 | −3.883 | 0.021 |
Sample size | 1105 | 1105 | 1105 | 1105 | 1105 | |||||
Nagelkerke R² | 0.183 | 0.263 | 0.235 | 0.302 | 0.296 |
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Zhang, X.; Zhou, W.; Jiang, B. Patterns of Living Lost? Measuring Community Participation and Other Influences on the Health of Older Migrants in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084542
Zhang X, Zhou W, Jiang B. Patterns of Living Lost? Measuring Community Participation and Other Influences on the Health of Older Migrants in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(8):4542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084542
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xiangjing, Wusi Zhou, and Biya Jiang. 2022. "Patterns of Living Lost? Measuring Community Participation and Other Influences on the Health of Older Migrants in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8: 4542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084542