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Volume 19
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Concept Paper

The Emerging Threat of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Concept Paper on the Vulnerable Factors in Human

by
Nurul Athirah Naserrudin
1,2,3,
Rozita Hod
1,
Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
2,4,
Kamruddin Ahmed
2,5 and
Mohd Rohaizat Hassan
1,*
1
Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
2
Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
3
Sabah State Health Department, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
4
Department of Public Health, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
5
Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074419
Submission received: 8 January 2022 / Revised: 28 March 2022 / Accepted: 3 April 2022 / Published: 6 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Disease Epidemiology)
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Abstract

In South-East Asia (SEA), there has been an increase in the trend of detected and reported cases of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in the last few decades. This higher transmission rate within SEA countries is attributed to the distribution of the Macaque, banded leaf monkeys, and Anopheles mosquito in this region. This study aims to propose a concept that highlights the integration of vulnerability factors to P. knowlesi malaria infection. The relevant literature on the vulnerability factors of P. knowlesi was reviewed. Any theories and models that could be integrated to support the factors were also explored throughout this study. Exposure to P. knowlesi malaria was found to be influenced by sociodemographic, socioeconomic, environmental, social context, belief, and human behaviour factors. However, these factors were commonly discussed separately in existing studies. For better disease prevention and control, all these factors should be explored collectively, to facilitate research aimed at generating a deeper understanding of the vulnerability factors to P. knowlesi malaria from various perspectives, including the genetic, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, environmental, sociocultural beliefs, and human behaviour of the population.
Keywords: malaria; Plasmodium knowlesi; zoonotic malaria; vulnerability factors; malaria exposure malaria; Plasmodium knowlesi; zoonotic malaria; vulnerability factors; malaria exposure

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MDPI and ACS Style

Naserrudin, N.A.; Hod, R.; Jeffree, M.S.; Ahmed, K.; Hassan, M.R. The Emerging Threat of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Concept Paper on the Vulnerable Factors in Human. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074419

AMA Style

Naserrudin NA, Hod R, Jeffree MS, Ahmed K, Hassan MR. The Emerging Threat of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Concept Paper on the Vulnerable Factors in Human. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074419

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naserrudin, Nurul Athirah, Rozita Hod, Mohammad Saffree Jeffree, Kamruddin Ahmed, and Mohd Rohaizat Hassan. 2022. "The Emerging Threat of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Concept Paper on the Vulnerable Factors in Human" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074419

APA Style

Naserrudin, N. A., Hod, R., Jeffree, M. S., Ahmed, K., & Hassan, M. R. (2022). The Emerging Threat of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Concept Paper on the Vulnerable Factors in Human. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074419

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