Differences in Driving Anger among Professional Drivers: A Cross-Cultural Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Preparatory Analyses and Summary Statistics
3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analyses
3.3. Multi-Group Analysis of Invariance
3.4. Internal Consistency Evaluation
3.5. Convergent Validity
3.6. Group Comparisons
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Variables | Driver Type | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taxi (n = 331) | Bus (n = 328) | Truck (n = 395) | Total (n = 1054) | ||
Gender | Male | 321 (97.0) | 326 (99.4) | 394 (99.7) | 1041 (98.8) |
Female | 10 (3.0) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 13 (1.2) | |
Age | Mean (SD) | 45.1 (11.2) | 46.0 (10.1) | 39.4 (10.1) | 43.2 (10.9) |
18–34 | 60 (18.1) | 43 (13.1) | 137 (34.7) | 240 (22.8) | |
35–49 | 140 (42.3) | 157 (47.9) | 193 (48.9) | 490 (46.5) | |
50–64 | 125 (37.8) | 116 (35.4) | 60 (15.2) | 301 (28.6) | |
>65 | 6 (1.8) | 12 (3.7) | 5 (1.3) | 23 (2.2) | |
Education | Primary school | 3 (0.9) | 15 (4.6) | 11 (2.8) | 29 (2.8) |
Secondary school | 293 (88.5) | 296 (90.2) | 348 (88.1) | 937 (88.9) | |
Higher education | 35 (10.6) | 17 (5.2) | 36 (9.1) | 88 (8.3) | |
Experience | Mean (SD) | 23.4 (10.7) | 19.16 (10.7) | 16.0 (10.5) | 19.3 (11.0) |
0–5 | 17 (5.1) | 38 (11.6) | 73 (18.5) | 128 (12.1) | |
6–10 | 30 (9.1) | 32 (9.8) | 61 (15.4) | 123 (11.7) | |
11–15 | 40 (12.1) | 65 (19.8) | 81 (20.5) | 186 (17.6) | |
16> | 244 (73.7) | 193 (58.8) | 180 (45.6) | 617 (58.5) | |
Mileage | Mean (SD) | 62,849.1 (29,358.3) | 56,640.7 (39,608.9) | 80,298.3 (40,334.7) | 67,456.4 (38,353.8) |
0–10,000 | 5 (1.5) | 16 (4.9) | 7 (1.8) | 28 (2.7) | |
10,001–30,000 | 47 (15.7) | 82 (25.0) | 53 (13.4) | 182 (17.3) | |
30,001–60,000 | 114 (34.4) | 114 (34.8) | 68 (17.2) | 396 (28.1) | |
>60,000 | 165 (49.8) | 116 (35.4) | 267 (67.6) | 548 (52.0) | |
Violations | Yes | 150 (45.3) | 160 (48.8) | 160 (40.5) | 470 (44.6) |
No | 181 (54.7) | 168 (51.2) | 235 (59.5) | 584 (55.4) | |
Accidents | Yes | 222 (67.1) | 231 (70.4) | 289 (73.2) | 742 (70.4) |
No | 109 (32.9) | 97 (29.6) | 106 (26.8) | 312 (29.6) |
RS (n = 313) | MNE (n = 440) | B&H (n = 301) | Kruskal-Wallis Test | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mdn | Mad | α | ω | Mdn | Mad | α | ω | Mdn | Mad | α | ω | χ2 | ||
DAS | Dis | 2.75 | 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 2.63 | 1.11 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 2.88 | 1.11 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 6.24 * |
HG | 2.33 | 0.99 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 2.00 | 0.99 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 2.00 | 1.48 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 2.62 | |
ID | 2.25 | 1.11 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 2.75 | 1.11 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 2.50 | 1.11 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 12.53 ** | |
PP | 1.50 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 1.25 | 0.37 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 1.25 | 0.37 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 5.11 | |
SD | 2.00 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 2.00 | 0.99 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 2.00 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.52 | |
TO | 2.57 | 1.05 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 2.29 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 2.29 | 0.84 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 31.66 *** | |
Mardia coefficient | 1439.54 *** | 1513.53 *** | 1403.43 *** | |||||||||||
DAX-short | Ver | 1.67 | 0.99 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 1.33 | 0.49 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 1.33 | 0.49 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 24.79 *** |
Phy | 1.25 | 0.37 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 10.24 ** | |
Veh | 1.67 | 0.98 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 1.33 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 1.67 | 0.98 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 12.31 ** | |
Adp | 3.40 | 1.19 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 3.80 | 0.89 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 3.60 | 1.19 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 11.51 ** | |
Mardia coefficient | 348.34 *** | 383.24 *** | 368.23 *** |
DWLS χ2 | df | RMSEA | RMSEA CI | SRMR | CFI | TLI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RS | 951.522 *** | 480 | 0.056 | [0.051, 0.061] | 0.078 | 0.964 | 0.960 |
MNE | 915.839 *** | 480 | 0.045 | [0.041, 0.050] | 0.071 | 0.981 | 0.979 |
B&H | 842.043 *** | 480 | 0.050 | [0.045, 0.056] | 0.082 | 0.973 | 0.971 |
Item No. | Items | RS | MNE | B&H |
---|---|---|---|---|
F1: Discourtesy | ||||
5 | Someone is driving very close to your rear bumper. | 0.686 | 0.668 | 0.526 |
7 | Someone cuts in right in front of you on the motorway. | 0.601 | 0.713 | 0.709 |
8 | Someone cuts in and takes the parking spot you have been waiting for. | 0.641 | 0.714 | 0.643 |
12 | Someone backs out right in front of you without looking. | 0.605 | 0.671 | 0.704 |
14 | Someone coming towards you does not dim their headlights at night. | 0.577 | 0.751 | 0.655 |
15 | At night someone is driving right behind you with bright lights on. | 0.629 | 0.723 | 0.726 |
17 | Someone speeds up when you try to pass them. | 0.552 | 0.661 | 0.640 |
20 | Someone pulls out right in front of you when there is no-one behind you. | 0.715 | 0.692 | 0.657 |
32 | A cyclist is riding in the middle of the lane and slowing traffic. | 0.597 | 0.711 | 0.678 |
F2: Hostile Gestures | ||||
21 | Someone makes an obscene gesture towards you about your driving. | 0.782 | 0.836 | 0.812 |
23 | Someone beeps at you about your driving. | 0.799 | 0.782 | 0.729 |
26 | Someone shouts at you about your driving. | 0.814 | 0.679 | 0.671 |
F3: Illegal Driving | ||||
2 | Someone is driving too fast for the road conditions. | 0.530 | 0.625 | 0.610 |
6 | Someone is weaving in and out of traffic. | 0.817 | 0.755 | 0.728 |
13 | Someone runs a red light or stop sign. | 0.564 | 0.696 | 0.576 |
24 | Someone is driving well above the speed limit. | 0.720 | 0.578 | 0.659 |
F4: Police Presence | ||||
11 | You see a police car watching traffic from a hidden position. | 0.767 | 0.933 | 0.799 |
16 | You pass a radar speed trap. | 0.627 | 0.703 | 0.684 |
27 | A police officer pulls you over. | 0.567 | 0.574 | 0.530 |
33 | A police car is driving in traffic close to you. | 0.605 | 0.637 | 0.515 |
F5: Slow Driving | ||||
1 | Someone in front of you does not move off straight away when the light turns to green. | 0.690 | 0.467 | 0.540 |
3 | A pedestrian walks slowly across the middle of the street, slowing you down. | 0.678 | 0.508 | 0.502 |
4 | Someone is driving too slowly in the outside lane, and holding up traffic. | 0.699 | 0.757 | 0.746 |
9 | Someone is driving more slowly than is reasonable for the traffic flow. | 0.614 | 0.698 | 0.750 |
10 | A slow vehicle on a winding road will not pull over and let people pass. | 0.592 | 0.687 | 0.696 |
18 | Someone is slow in parking and holds up traffic. | 0.704 | 0.703 | 0.682 |
F6: Traffic Obstruction | ||||
19 | You are stuck in a traffic jam. | 0.714 | 0.683 | 0.631 |
22 | You hit a deep pothole that was not marked. | 0.536 | 0.584 | 0.594 |
25 | You are driving behind a truck which has material flapping around in the back. | 0.670 | 0.604 | 0.570 |
28 | You are driving behind a vehicle that is smoking badly or giving off diesel fumes. | 0.690 | 0.602 | 0.575 |
29 | A truck kicks up sand or gravel on the car you are driving. | 0.681 | 0.641 | 0.556 |
30 | You are driving behind a large truck and cannot see around it. | 0.778 | 0.599 | 0.511 |
31 | You encounter road construction and detours. | 0.585 | 0.370 | 0.422 |
DWLS χ2 | df | CFI | RMSEA | ΔDWLS χ2 | Δdf | p | ΔCFI | ΔRMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | |||||||||
Configural | 2709.4 | 1440 | 0.975 | 0.050 | |||||
Metric | 3463.4 | 1494 | 0.961 | 0.061 | 753.96 | 54 | <0.001 | 0.014 | 0.011 |
Scalar | 3692.1 | 1548 | 0.957 | 0.063 | 228.72 | 54 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Residual | 3888.5 | 1614 | 0.954 | 0.063 | 196.45 | 66 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Types of professional drivers | |||||||||
Configural | 3007.5 | 1440 | 0.964 | 0.056 | |||||
Metric | 3498.9 | 1494 | 0.954 | 0.062 | 491.47 | 54 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.006 |
Scalar | 3576.9 | 1548 | 0.954 | 0.061 | 77.93 | 54 | <0.05 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Residual | 3907.1 | 1614 | 0.948 | 0.064 | 330.20 | 66 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Dis | HG | ID | PP | SD | TO | Ver | Phy | Veh | Adp | Vio | Acc | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DAS | Dis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
HG | 0.55 *** | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
ID | 0.56 *** | 0.34 *** | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
PP | 0.35 *** | 0.37 *** | 0.17 *** | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
SD | 0.70 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.53 *** | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
TO | 0.69 *** | 0.58 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.49 *** | 0.66 *** | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
DAX-short | Ver | 0.29 *** | 0.26 *** | 0.08 * | 0.35 *** | 0.40 *** | 0.34 *** | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Phy | 0.21 *** | 0.26 *** | 0.07 * | 0.40 *** | 0.37 *** | 0.32 *** | 0.60 *** | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
Veh | 0.29 *** | 0.25 *** | 0.05 | 0.36 *** | 0.40 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.55 *** | 1 | - | - | - | |
Adp | 0.01 | −0.08 * | 0.08 ** | −0.24 *** | −0.10 ** | −0.05 | −0.25 *** | −0.28 *** | −0.19 *** | 1 | - | - | |
Vio | 0.10 ** | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.12 *** | 0.12 *** | 0.09 ** | 0.15 *** | 0.11 *** | 0.13 *** | −0.02 | 1 | - | |
Acc | 0.01 | 0.06 * | −0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.09 ** | 0.06 * | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.20 *** | 1 |
Taxi (n = 331) | Bus (328) | Truck (395) | Kruskal-Wallis Test | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mdn | Mad | Mdn | Mad | Mdn | Mad | χ2 | ||
DAS | Dis | 3.13 | 0.93 | 2.38 | 0.93 | 2.75 | 0.93 | 65.88 *** |
HG | 2.33 | 1.48 | 1.67 | 0.99 | 2.33 | 0.99 | 24.85 *** | |
ID | 2.50 | 1.11 | 2.25 | 1.11 | 2.75 | 1.11 | 27.41 *** | |
PP | 1.50 | 0.74 | 1.25 | 0.37 | 1.50 | 0.74 | 67.59 *** | |
SD | 2.33 | 0.98 | 1.67 | 0.74 | 2.00 | 0.74 | 97.45 *** | |
TO | 2.71 | 0.86 | 1.86 | 0.64 | 2.29 | 0.85 | 86.40 *** | |
DAX-short | Ver | 1.67 | 0.99 | 1.33 | 0.49 | 1.33 | 0.49 | 34.60 *** |
Phy | 1.25 | 0.37 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 23.00 *** | |
Veh | 1.67 | 0.98 | 1.33 | 0.49 | 1.33 | 0.49 | 27.47 *** | |
Adp | 3.40 | 1.19 | 3.80 | 1.04 | 3.60 | 1.19 | 6.76 * |
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Damjanović, M.; Mićić, S.; Matović, B.; Jovanović, D.; Bulajić, A. Differences in Driving Anger among Professional Drivers: A Cross-Cultural Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074168
Damjanović M, Mićić S, Matović B, Jovanović D, Bulajić A. Differences in Driving Anger among Professional Drivers: A Cross-Cultural Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074168
Chicago/Turabian StyleDamjanović, Milanko, Spasoje Mićić, Boško Matović, Dragan Jovanović, and Aleksandar Bulajić. 2022. "Differences in Driving Anger among Professional Drivers: A Cross-Cultural Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074168
APA StyleDamjanović, M., Mićić, S., Matović, B., Jovanović, D., & Bulajić, A. (2022). Differences in Driving Anger among Professional Drivers: A Cross-Cultural Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074168