Openness to Experience Moderates the Association of Warmth Profiles and Subjective Well-Being in Left-Behind and Non-Left-Behind Youth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Parental Warmth and Teacher Warmth Using a Person-Centered Approach
1.2. Openness to Experience
1.3. The Current Study
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Subjective Well-Being
2.2.2. Parental Warmth
2.2.3. Teacher Warmth
2.2.4. Openness to Experience
2.2.5. Left-Behind Status
2.2.6. Confounding Variables
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlational Analyses
3.2. RQ1: Group Differences in Subjective Well-Being
3.3. RQ2: Identifying Warmth Profiles
3.4. RQ3: Associations of Warmth Profiles, Openness to Experience, Left-Behind Status with Subjective Well-Being
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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M | SD | Range | Alpha | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Father warmth | 3.58 | 0.95 | 1–5 | 0.89 | - | |||||||||||
2. Mother warmth | 3.83 | 0.88 | 1–5 | 0.87 | 0.69 *** | - | ||||||||||
3. Teacher warmth | 3.73 | 0.81 | 1–5 | 0.88 | 0.16 * | 0.13 * | - | |||||||||
4. Openness | 3.78 | 0.71 | 1–5 | 0.80 | 0.15 * | 0.13 * | 0.24 *** | - | ||||||||
5. Positive affect | 2.85 | 0.35 | 1–4 | 0.81 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.15 * | 0.30 *** | - | |||||||
6. Negative affect | 2.18 | 0.38 | 1–4 | 0.78 | 0.10 | −0.04 | −0.13 * | −0.19 ** | −0.46 *** | - | ||||||
7. Life satisfaction | 3.16 | 0.47 | 1–4 | 0.92 | 0.56 *** | 0.50 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.39 *** | 0.24 *** | −0.09 | - | |||||
8. Age | 15.77 | 1.50 | 13–18 | - | 0.10 | 0.13 * | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.11 | −0.13 * | 0.09 | - | ||||
9. Gender a | - | - | 1–2 | - | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.10 | −0.17 ** | 0.11 | 0.07 | - | |||
10. Socioeconomic status | 16.18 | 1.96 | 8–23 | - | 0.11 | 0.07 | −0.12 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.09 | - | ||
11. Years | 6.99 | 3.90 | 1–17 | - | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.03 | 0.23 *** | 0.12 | 0.06 | - | |
12. Social desirability | 5.25 | 0.82 | 1–7 | 0.85 | 0.45 *** | 0.33 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.50 *** | 0.31 *** | −0.17 ** | 0.70 *** | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.09 | −0.02 | - |
M | SD | Range | Alpha | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Father warmth | 3.75 | 0.87 | 1–5 | 0.88 | - | ||||||||||
2. Mother warmth | 3.91 | 0.80 | 1–5 | 0.87 | 0.76 *** | - | |||||||||
3. Teacher warmth | 3.83 | 0.83 | 1–5 | 0.90 | 0.28 *** | 0.32 *** | - | ||||||||
4. Openness | 3.72 | 0.66 | 1–5 | 0.77 | 0.29 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.17 *** | - | |||||||
5. Positive affect | 2.85 | 0.36 | 1–4 | 0.84 | 0.22 *** | 0.26 *** | 0.11 ** | 0.11 ** | - | ||||||
6. Negative affect | 2.17 | 0.42 | 1–4 | 0.77 | −0.04 | −0.09 * | −0.07 | −0.02 | −0.49 *** | - | |||||
7. Life satisfaction | 3.26 | 0.45 | 1–4 | 0.93 | 0.58 *** | 0.57 *** | 0.40 *** | 0.34 *** | 0.28 *** | −0.07 | - | ||||
8. Age | 15.91 | 1.43 | 13–18 | - | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.07 | −0.03 | −0.07 | −0.08 | - | |||
9. Gender a | - | - | 1–2 | - | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | −0.13 ** | 0.17 *** | −0.13 ** | 0.06 | −0.01 | - | ||
10. Socioeconomic status | 15.95 | 1.95 | 9–25 | - | 0.10 * | 0.09 * | 0.01 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.09 * | −0.08 | - | |
11. Social desirability | 5.27 | 0.82 | 1–7 | 0.86 | 0.44 *** | 0.43 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.41 *** | 0.33 *** | −0.16 *** | 0.62 *** | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.05 | - |
AIC | BIC | aBIC | Entropy | LMR-LRT | BLRT | Smallest Profiles (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Profile | 5593.34 | 5620.96 | 5601.91 | - | - | - | - |
2-Profile | 5068.75 | 5114.79 | 5083.04 | 0.80 | 513.16 *** | 532.58 *** | 34.2% |
3-Profile | 4909.64 | 4974.09 | 4929.64 | 0.81 | 161.02 *** | 167.11 *** | 8.8% |
4-Profile | 4840.28 | 4923.15 | 4865.99 | 0.79 | 74.54 * | 77.36 * | 7.1% |
5-Profile | 4732.41 | 4833.70 | 4763.84 | 0.75 | 115.64 * | 120.01 * | 2.6% |
Variables | b | b SE | 95% CI for b | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Congruent low | −1.02 | 0.21 | −1.43 | −0.61 | −4.89 | <0.001 |
Congruent lowest | −1.29 | 0.29 | −1.86 | −0.73 | −4.47 | <0.001 |
Incongruent moderate | −0.45 | 0.17 | −0.79 | −0.12 | −2.66 | 0.01 |
Openness | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.62 | 2.93 | 0.01 |
Left-behind status a | 0.02 | 0.17 | −0.31 | 0.35 | 0.10 | 0.92 |
Age | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.78 | 0.43 |
Gender b | 0.53 | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.79 | 3.98 | <0.001 |
Socioeconomic status | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.11 | 0.03 | −1.24 | 0.22 |
Social desirability | 1.01 | 0.09 | 0.83 | 1.20 | 1.07 | <0.001 |
Congruent low × openness | −0.03 | 0.28 | −0.59 | 0.52 | −0.12 | 0.90 |
Congruent lowest × openness | 0.46 | 0.38 | −0.29 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 0.23 |
Incongruent moderate × openness | −0.07 | 0.24 | −0.55 | 0.41 | −0.29 | 0.77 |
Congruent low × left-behind status | 0.46 | 0.40 | −0.32 | 1.24 | 1.15 | 0.25 |
Congruent lowest × Left-behind status | 1.63 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 2.71 | 2.95 | 0.01 |
Incongruent moderate × left-behind status | 0.99 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 1.63 | 2.97 | 0.01 |
Openness × left-behind status | 0.90 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 1.36 | 3.78 | <0.001 |
Congruent low × openness × left-behind status | −0.76 | 0.57 | −1.87 | 0.35 | −1.34 | 0.18 |
Congruent lowest × openness × left-behind status | 1.88 | 0.76 | 0.39 | 3.38 | 2.47 | 0.01 |
Incongruent moderate × openness × left-behind status | −0.39 | 0.49 | −1.35 | 0.57 | −0.80 | 0.42 |
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Ma, Y.; Ma, C.; Lan, X. Openness to Experience Moderates the Association of Warmth Profiles and Subjective Well-Being in Left-Behind and Non-Left-Behind Youth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074103
Ma Y, Ma C, Lan X. Openness to Experience Moderates the Association of Warmth Profiles and Subjective Well-Being in Left-Behind and Non-Left-Behind Youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074103
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Yongfeng, Chunhua Ma, and Xiaoyu Lan. 2022. "Openness to Experience Moderates the Association of Warmth Profiles and Subjective Well-Being in Left-Behind and Non-Left-Behind Youth" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4103. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074103