Depression Symptoms among Family Members of Nyaope Users in the City of Tshwane, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Study Setting, Sampling, and Sample Size
2.4. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.5. Data Collection Tools
2.6. Data Analysis
2.7. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Characteristics of the Nyaope Users
3.3. Prevalence of Depression Symptoms
3.4. Factors Associated with Depression
3.5. Multiple Regression–Depression Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
5.1. Recommendations
5.2. Limitations of the Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | % |
---|---|---|
Relationship to nyaope user | ||
Parents | 165 | 42 |
Siblings | 137 | 35 |
Other (aunts, uncles, and cousins) | 55 | 14 |
Grandparents | 33 | 9 |
390 | 100 | |
Gender | ||
Female | 304 | 78 |
Male | 86 | 22 |
390 | 100 | |
Age Categories | ||
11–20 | 16 | 4 |
21–30 | 63 | 16 |
31–40 | 74 | 19 |
41–50 | 56 | 14 |
51–60 | 84 | 22 |
61–70 | 61 | 16 |
71–80 | 28 | 7.2 |
81–90 | 7 | 1.8 |
389 | 100 | |
Marital Status | ||
Single | 218 | 56 |
Married | 99 | 25 |
Widowed | 60 | 15 |
Divorced | 13 | 4 |
390 | 100 | |
Highest level of education obtained | ||
Secondary | 242 | 62 |
Primary | 80 | 21 |
Tertiary | 52 | 13 |
None | 14 | 3.5 |
Missing data | 2 | 0.5 |
390 | 100 | |
Employment status | ||
Unemployed | 180 | 46 |
Employed | 104 | 27 |
Pensioner | 95 | 24 |
Student | 10 | 2.7 |
Missing data | 1 | 0.3 |
390 | 100 | |
Language | ||
Setswana Sepedi | 130 120 | 33 31 |
isiZulu | 48 | 12 |
Xitsonga | 27 | 7 |
isiNdebele | 23 | 6 |
Sesotho | 21 | 5.4 |
isiXhosa | 7 | 2 |
Tshivenda | 4 | 1 |
siSwati | 3 | 0.8 |
Missing data | 3 | 0.8 |
Afrikaans | 2 | 0.5 |
English | 2 | 0.5 |
390 | 100 | |
Location of the participants and nyaope users | ||
Soshanguve | 97 | 25 |
Ga-Rankuwa | 94 | 24 |
Mamelodi | 80 | 21 |
Hammanskraal | 75 | 19 |
Winterveldt | 21 | 5 |
Atteridgeville | 9 | 2 |
Pretoria North | 6 | 2 |
Mabopane | 5 | 1 |
Olievenhoutbosch | 3 | 0.7 |
390 | 100 |
Variable | N | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 363 | 93 |
Female | 27 | 7 |
390 | 100 | |
Age category | ||
21–30 | 188 | 48.2 |
31–40 | 158 | 40.5 |
11–20 | 23 | 5.9 |
41–50 | 20 | 5.1 |
51–60 | 1 | 0.3 |
390 | 100 | |
Marital status | ||
Single | 285 | 73 |
Married | 5 | 27 |
390 | 100 | |
Highest level of education obtained | ||
Secondary | 341 | 87.4 |
Primary | 32 | 8.2 |
Tertiary | 14 | 3.6 |
Missing data | 3 | 0.8 |
390 | 100 | |
Employment status | ||
Unemployed | 357 | 92 |
Employed | 29 | 7 |
Student | 4 | 1 |
390 | 100 |
<10 Years’ Use | >10 Years’ Use | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Ga-Rankuwa | 65 | 29 | 94 |
Hammanskraal | 48 | 27 | 75 |
Soshanguve | 33 | 64 | 97 |
Mamelodi | 29 | 51 | 80 |
Winterveldt | 6 | 15 | 21 |
Atteridgeville | 5 | 4 | 9 |
Mabopane | 3 | 2 | 5 |
Pretoria North Olivenhoutbosch | 3 1 | 3 2 | 6 3 |
n = 193 | n = 197 | n = 390 |
PHQ-9 Ranges | Classification | n | % |
---|---|---|---|
0–4 | None | 201 | 51 |
5–9 | Mild | 83 | 21 |
10–19 | Moderate | 65 | 17 |
20–29 | Severe | 41 | 11 |
390 | 100 |
Variable | p-Value |
---|---|
Participant-related variables | |
Area/place of residence/location | 0.44 |
Age of participant | 0.03 * |
Gender of participant | 0.08 |
Language of participant | 0.83 |
Religion of participant | 0.03 * |
Relationship with nyaope user | 0.02 * |
Marital status of the participant | 0.01 * |
Highest Education of the participant | 0.52 |
Employment status of the participant | 0.76 |
User-related variables | |
Age of user | 0.10 |
Gender of user | 0.27 |
Number of years using nyaope | 0.58 |
Marital status of the user | 0.69 |
Highest level of education of the user | 0.03 * |
Employment status of the user | 0.756 |
Number of times admitted for rehabilitation | 0.07 |
Lives at home | 0.13 |
Number of times arrested | 0.62 |
Variable | p-Value |
---|---|
Participant-related variables | |
Age of the participant | 0.18 |
Gender of the participant | 0.15 |
Religion of the participant | 0.03 * |
Relationship with nyaope user | 0.1 |
Marital status of the participant | 0.01 ** |
User-related variables | |
Age of user | 0.12 |
Highest level of education of the user | 0.02 * |
Number of times admitted for rehabilitation | 0.51 |
Lives at home | 0.16 |
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Madiga, M.C.; Mokwena, K. Depression Symptoms among Family Members of Nyaope Users in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074097
Madiga MC, Mokwena K. Depression Symptoms among Family Members of Nyaope Users in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074097
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadiga, Maphuti Carol, and Kebogile Mokwena. 2022. "Depression Symptoms among Family Members of Nyaope Users in the City of Tshwane, South Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074097
APA StyleMadiga, M. C., & Mokwena, K. (2022). Depression Symptoms among Family Members of Nyaope Users in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 4097. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074097