Meningococcal Disease in Pediatric Age: A Focus on Epidemiology and Prevention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Vaccines
3.1. The Monovalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines
3.2. The Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines
3.3. Vaccines against Serogroup B
3.4. Men B Vaccine and “the Adolescent Problem”
4. Discussion
5. Looking to the Future
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vaccine | Protein-Carrier | Year of License | Licensed to Use | Schedule | Simultaneous Co-Administration with Other Vaccines |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MenACWY-D, MenActra Sanofi Pasteur SA, Lyon, France | Diphtheria toxoid | 2005 | 9 months–55 years of age | PRIMARY VACCINATION: -Infants 9–23 months of age: 2 doses (3 months between 1st and 2nd doses) -Individuals 2–55 years of age: A single dose. BOOSTER DOSE: -A single booster dose may be administered to people 15–55 years of age at risk of meningococcal disease (4 years after the conclusion of the primary vaccination schedule). | MMRV, MMR + V, PCV7, HAV vaccine, Typhum Vi, Td, DTaP + IPV |
MenACWY-CRM, Menveo GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA, Rixensart Belgium | Diphtheria protein cross-reactive material 197 | 2010 | 2 months-55 years of age | PRIMARY VACCINATION: -Infants aged 2 months: 4-dose series at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months of age. -Children aged 7–23 months: Two doses, with the second dose administered in the second year of life and at least 3 months after the first dose. -Children aged 2–10 years: A single dose. A single booster dose may be administered 2 months after the first dose to children aged 2–5 years at risk of meningococcal disease. -Adolescents and adults 11–55 years of age: A single dose. BOOSTER DOSE: -Adolescents and adults 15–55 years of age: A single booster dose may be administered to people 15–55 years of age at risk of meningococcal disease (4 years after the conclusion of the primary vaccination schedule with serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135 conjugate vaccine). | Tdap, HPV, MMR, MMR + V, PCV7, pentavalent rotavirus, DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine, HAV vaccine |
MenACWY-TT, NimenrixPfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA | Tetanus toxoid | 2012 | 6 weeks–55 years of age | PRIMARY VACCINATION: -Infants 6 weeks–6 months of age: 2 doses (2 months between the 1st and 2nd doses) -Infants > 6 months of age, children, adolescents, and adults: A single dose. An additional primary dose of Nimenrix may be indicated in some specific cases. BOOSTER DOSE: -Infants 6 weeks–12 months of age: a booster dose should be given at 12 months of age, at least 2 months after the last dose of primary immunization schedule. In previously vaccinated children >12 months of age, a booster dose of Nimenrix could be administered if they have received primary vaccination with a conjugated or plain polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine. | DTaP-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine, PCV10, hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV) vaccines, MMR, MMR + V, unadjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine, DTaP, DTaP-HBVIPV/Hib, PCV-13, HPV2 |
MenACWY-TT, MenQuadfi Sanofi Pasteur SA, Lyon, France | Tetanus toxoid | 2020 | >2 years of age | PRIMARY VACCINATION: -Subjects >2 years of age: A single dose. BOOSTER DOSE: A single dose of MenQuadfi may be administered to individuals >15 years of age at risk of meningococcal disease (4 years after the conclusion of the primary vaccination schedule with serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135 conjugate vaccine). | Tdap and HPV |
People at risk because of a serogroup A, B, C, W, or Y meningococcal disease outbreak |
HIV infection, congenital immunodeficiencies, and type 4 toll-like receptor defects and defects in properdin |
Anatomical or functional asplenic people, including people with sickle cell disease and thalassemia |
Clinical conditions characterized by immunosuppression status (such as organ transplantation o antineoplastic therapy, including systemic corticosteroid therapy in high doses) |
Congenital complement defects (C5–C9) and use of complement inhibitor drugs, such as eculizumab or ravulizumab |
Chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus type 1, renal insufficiency with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min, severe chronic liver disease) |
Loss of cerebrospinal fluid |
Microbiologists who routinely work with isolates of N. meningitidis |
People traveling to or living in areas of the world where N. meningitidis is endemic (such as some regions in Africa) |
College students who live in residence halls and have not been fully vaccinated with the meningococcal ACWY vaccine |
US military recruits |
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Di Pietro, G.M.; Biffi, G.; Castellazzi, M.L.; Tagliabue, C.; Pinzani, R.; Bosis, S.; Marchisio, P.G. Meningococcal Disease in Pediatric Age: A Focus on Epidemiology and Prevention. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 4035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074035
Di Pietro GM, Biffi G, Castellazzi ML, Tagliabue C, Pinzani R, Bosis S, Marchisio PG. Meningococcal Disease in Pediatric Age: A Focus on Epidemiology and Prevention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):4035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074035
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Pietro, Giada Maria, Giulia Biffi, Massimo Luca Castellazzi, Claudia Tagliabue, Raffaella Pinzani, Samantha Bosis, and Paola Giovanna Marchisio. 2022. "Meningococcal Disease in Pediatric Age: A Focus on Epidemiology and Prevention" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 4035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074035