Signifying the Relationship between Fear of COVID-19, Psychological Concerns, Financial Concerns and Healthcare Employees Job Performance: A Mediated Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background and Hypothesis Development
2.1. Concept and Consequences of COVID-19 Fear
2.2. Psychological Concerns
2.3. Financial Concerns
2.4. The Mediating Role of Depression
2.5. The Mediating Role of Anxiety
2.6. The Mediating Role of Stress
3. Methodology
3.1. Participants
3.2. Procedure
3.3. Measurement Scale
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Assessment of Measurement Model
4.2. Structural Model
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Frequency (N = 489) | (%) | Mean |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | 1520 | ||
Male | 233 | 47.6 | |
Female | 256 | 52.4 | |
Age | 3090 | ||
19–30 | 54 | 11 | |
31–40 | 106 | 21.7 | |
41–50 | 134 | 27.4 | |
51–60 | 134 | 27.4 | |
>61 | 61 | 12.5 | |
Marital Status | 1730 | ||
Single | 134 | 27.4 | |
Married | 355 | 72.6 | |
Occupation | 2520 | ||
Doctors | 66 | 13.5 | |
Nurses | 187 | 38.2 | |
Technical | 151 | 30.9 | |
Others | 85 | 17.4 |
Construct | Items | N | MIN | MAX | Mean | Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fear of COVID-19 | CVF_1 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.700 | 1.002 |
CVF_2 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.620 | 0.966 | |
CVF_3 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.670 | 0.987 | |
CVF_4 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.710 | 0.995 | |
CVF_5 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.720 | 1.020 | |
CVF_6 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.760 | 1.026 | |
CVF_7 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.730 | 0.965 | |
Psychological Concerns | PC_1 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.710 | 1.026 |
PC_2 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.710 | 1.017 | |
PC_3 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.780 | 1.028 | |
PC_4 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.710 | 0.989 | |
PC_5 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.730 | 1.022 | |
PC_6 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.650 | 1.026 | |
PC_7 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.720 | 0.974 | |
Financial Concerns | FC_1 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.730 | 0.988 |
FC_2 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.690 | 0.999 | |
FC_3 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.720 | 1.056 | |
FC_4 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.720 | 0.976 | |
Depression | DEP_1 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.700 | 1.024 |
DEP_2 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.720 | 0.999 | |
DEP_3 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.750 | 1.003 | |
DEP_4 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.710 | 1.021 | |
DEP_5 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.620 | 1.004 | |
DEP_6 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.750 | 1.049 | |
DEP_7 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.730 | 1.007 | |
Anxiety | ANX_1 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.680 | 1.001 |
ANX_2 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.670 | 1.002 | |
ANX_3 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.730 | 0.980 | |
ANX_4 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.710 | 1.017 | |
ANX_5 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.720 | 0.985 | |
ANX_6 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.720 | 1.056 | |
ANX_7 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.700 | 1.005 | |
Stress | ST_1 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.720 | 1.021 |
ST_2 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.710 | 0.994 | |
ST_3 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.690 | 1.058 | |
ST_4 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.710 | 1.001 | |
ST_5 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.750 | 1.041 | |
ST_6 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.640 | 1.055 | |
ST_7 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 3.680 | 1.014 | |
Job Performance | JP_1 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 2.300 | 1.081 |
JP_2 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 2.320 | 1.061 | |
JP_3 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 2.310 | 1.057 | |
JP_4 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 2.340 | 1.037 | |
JP_5 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 2.310 | 1.041 | |
JP_6 | 489 | 1 | 5 | 2.370 | 1.055 |
Construct | Items | Loading | α | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fear of COVID-19 | CVF_1 | 0.755 | 0.877 | 0.905 | 0.576 |
CVF_2 | 0.769 | ||||
CVF_3 | 0.756 | ||||
CVF_4 | 0.765 | ||||
CVF_5 | 0.755 | ||||
CVF_6 | 0.760 | ||||
CVF_7 | 0.752 | ||||
Psychological concerns | PC_1 | 0.769 | 0.884 | 0.910 | 0.591 |
PC_2 | 0.792 | ||||
PC_3 | 0.752 | ||||
PC_4 | 0.746 | ||||
PC_5 | 0.767 | ||||
PC_6 | 0.790 | ||||
PC_7 | 0.762 | ||||
Financial concerns | FC_1 | 0.759 | 0.802 | 0.871 | 0.628 |
FC_2 | 0.797 | ||||
FC_3 | 0.822 | ||||
FC_4 | 0.789 | ||||
Depression | DEP_1 | 0.762 | 0.876 | 0.904 | 0.573 |
DEP_2 | 0.764 | ||||
DEP_3 | 0.768 | ||||
DEP_4 | 0.739 | ||||
DEP_5 | 0.760 | ||||
DEP_6 | 0.760 | ||||
DEP_7 | 0.745 | ||||
Anxiety | ANX_1 | 0.765 | 0.879 | 0.906 | 0.580 |
ANX_2 | 0.779 | ||||
ANX_3 | 0.723 | ||||
ANX_4 | 0.773 | ||||
ANX_5 | 0.773 | ||||
ANX_6 | 0.775 | ||||
ANX_7 | 0.740 | ||||
Stress | ST_1 | 0.753 | 0.883 | 0.909 | 0.587 |
ST_2 | 0.769 | ||||
ST_3 | 0.785 | ||||
ST_4 | 0.761 | ||||
ST_5 | 0.777 | ||||
ST_6 | 0.775 | ||||
ST_7 | 0.741 | ||||
Job performance | JP_1 | 0.823 | 0.893 | 0.918 | 0.651 |
JP_2 | 0.800 | ||||
JP_3 | 0.823 | ||||
JP_4 | 0.801 | ||||
JP_5 | 0.802 | ||||
JP_6 | 0.792 |
Constructs | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANX | 0.761 | ||||||
CVF | 0.546 | 0.759 | |||||
DEP | 0.575 | 0.553 | 0.757 | ||||
FC | 0.528 | 0.538 | 0.523 | 0.792 | |||
JP | −0.639 | −0.712 | −0.675 | −0.689 | 0.807 | ||
PC | 0.558 | 0.542 | 0.552 | 0.513 | −0.628 | 0.768 | |
ST | 0.559 | 0.554 | 0.555 | 0.538 | −0.656 | 0.545 | 0.766 |
Constructs | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANX | |||||||
CVF | 0.618 | ||||||
DEP | 0.653 | 0.63 | |||||
FC | 0.627 | 0.641 | 0.623 | ||||
JP | 0.718 | 0.804 | 0.763 | 0.815 | |||
PC | 0.63 | 0.615 | 0.626 | 0.609 | 0.706 | ||
ST | 0.633 | 0.626 | 0.629 | 0.638 | 0.736 | 0.615 |
Construct’s Items | ANX | CVF | DEP | FC | JP | PC | ST |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANX_1 | 0.765 | 0.395 | 0.465 | 0.398 | −0.475 | 0.444 | 0.431 |
ANX_2 | 0.779 | 0.443 | 0.470 | 0.433 | −0.557 | 0.447 | 0.403 |
ANX_3 | 0.723 | 0.375 | 0.418 | 0.338 | −0.433 | 0.375 | 0.403 |
ANX_4 | 0.773 | 0.405 | 0.424 | 0.372 | −0.450 | 0.442 | 0.415 |
ANX_5 | 0.773 | 0.434 | 0.442 | 0.455 | −0.503 | 0.439 | 0.460 |
ANX_6 | 0.775 | 0.469 | 0.464 | 0.421 | −0.500 | 0.430 | 0.472 |
ANX_7 | 0.740 | 0.378 | 0.375 | 0.386 | −0.474 | 0.388 | 0.394 |
CVF_1 | 0.393 | 0.755 | 0.423 | 0.408 | −0.540 | 0.403 | 0.402 |
CVF_2 | 0.428 | 0.769 | 0.428 | 0.389 | −0.550 | 0.435 | 0.421 |
CVF_3 | 0.379 | 0.756 | 0.389 | 0.417 | −0.516 | 0.425 | 0.428 |
CVF_4 | 0.402 | 0.765 | 0.420 | 0.400 | −0.544 | 0.402 | 0.407 |
CVF_5 | 0.423 | 0.755 | 0.437 | 0.398 | −0.560 | 0.427 | 0.427 |
CVF_6 | 0.489 | 0.760 | 0.414 | 0.424 | −0.537 | 0.399 | 0.443 |
CVF_7 | 0.379 | 0.752 | 0.423 | 0.423 | −0.533 | 0.389 | 0.411 |
DEP_1 | 0.409 | 0.422 | 0.762 | 0.374 | −0.481 | 0.431 | 0.423 |
DEP_2 | 0.446 | 0.382 | 0.764 | 0.369 | −0.532 | 0.405 | 0.397 |
DEP_3 | 0.507 | 0.446 | 0.768 | 0.471 | −0.529 | 0.451 | 0.459 |
DEP_4 | 0.418 | 0.410 | 0.739 | 0.376 | −0.469 | 0.402 | 0.405 |
DEP_5 | 0.406 | 0.440 | 0.760 | 0.372 | −0.505 | 0.416 | 0.410 |
DEP_6 | 0.451 | 0.415 | 0.760 | 0.416 | −0.524 | 0.436 | 0.450 |
DEP_7 | 0.403 | 0.411 | 0.745 | 0.386 | −0.532 | 0.381 | 0.394 |
FC_1 | 0.389 | 0.387 | 0.415 | 0.759 | −0.542 | 0.408 | 0.423 |
FC_2 | 0.401 | 0.453 | 0.416 | 0.797 | −0.570 | 0.386 | 0.427 |
FC_3 | 0.429 | 0.449 | 0.436 | 0.822 | −0.547 | 0.426 | 0.455 |
FC_4 | 0.455 | 0.414 | 0.390 | 0.789 | −0.527 | 0.406 | 0.401 |
JP_1 | −0.486 | −0.570 | −0.533 | −0.552 | 0.823 | −0.502 | −0.501 |
JP_2 | −0.498 | −0.566 | −0.560 | −0.532 | 0.800 | −0.519 | −0.500 |
JP_3 | −0.546 | −0.577 | −0.576 | −0.580 | 0.823 | −0.512 | −0.580 |
JP_4 | −0.506 | −0.583 | −0.525 | −0.571 | 0.801 | −0.508 | −0.538 |
JP_5 | −0.524 | −0.556 | −0.557 | −0.540 | 0.802 | −0.494 | −0.560 |
JP_6 | −0.533 | −0.593 | −0.516 | −0.561 | 0.792 | −0.506 | −0.493 |
PC_1 | 0.407 | 0.412 | 0.440 | 0.354 | −0.468 | 0.769 | 0.407 |
PC_2 | 0.452 | 0.435 | 0.442 | 0.453 | −0.504 | 0.792 | 0.419 |
PC_3 | 0.425 | 0.435 | 0.439 | 0.384 | −0.481 | 0.752 | 0.413 |
PC_4 | 0.439 | 0.423 | 0.422 | 0.412 | −0.516 | 0.746 | 0.429 |
PC_5 | 0.411 | 0.398 | 0.385 | 0.373 | −0.456 | 0.767 | 0.445 |
PC_6 | 0.472 | 0.437 | 0.438 | 0.384 | −0.510 | 0.790 | 0.424 |
PC_7 | 0.386 | 0.372 | 0.400 | 0.399 | −0.437 | 0.762 | 0.391 |
ST_1 | 0.436 | 0.423 | 0.427 | 0.404 | −0.510 | 0.411 | 0.753 |
ST_2 | 0.397 | 0.389 | 0.391 | 0.399 | −0.481 | 0.368 | 0.769 |
ST_3 | 0.466 | 0.466 | 0.463 | 0.462 | −0.530 | 0.482 | 0.785 |
ST_4 | 0.408 | 0.405 | 0.391 | 0.380 | −0.475 | 0.424 | 0.761 |
ST_5 | 0.446 | 0.435 | 0.433 | 0.386 | −0.498 | 0.411 | 0.777 |
ST_6 | 0.440 | 0.465 | 0.439 | 0.448 | −0.553 | 0.419 | 0.775 |
ST_7 | 0.398 | 0.375 | 0.427 | 0.400 | −0.462 | 0.400 | 0.741 |
Constructs | ANX | CVF | DEP | FC | JP | PC | ST |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANX | 1.942 | ||||||
CVF | 1.628 | 1.628 | 1.887 | 1.628 | |||
DEP | 1.930 | ||||||
FC | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.770 | 1.560 | |||
JP | |||||||
PC | 1.571 | 1.571 | 1.859 | 1.571 | |||
ST | 1.913 |
Fit Criteria | Saturated Model | Estimated Model | |
---|---|---|---|
SRMR | <0.08 (Hu and Bentler) [100] | 0.027 | 0.036 |
NFI | >0.80 (Bentler and Bonnet) [101] | 0.914 | 0.910 |
Chi-Square | 1012.751 | 0.91 |
Hypothesis | Direct | Std. | Std. | T | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Relationships | Beta | Error | Values | Values | |
H1a1 | CVF→DEP | 0.275 | 0.049 | 5.666 | ** |
H1a2 | CVF→JP | −0.274 | 0.056 | 4.869 | *** |
H1a3 | CVF→ANX | 0.257 | 0.05 | 5.149 | *** |
H1a4 | CVF→ST | 0.272 | 0.054 | 5.064 | *** |
H2a1 | PC→DEP | 0.286 | 0.044 | 6.444 | *** |
H2a2 | PC→JP | −0.106 | 0.034 | 3.134 | ** |
H2a3 | PC→ANX | 0.296 | 0.048 | 6.155 | *** |
H2a4 | PC→ST | 0.266 | 0.051 | 5.189 | *** |
H3a1 | FC→DEP | 0.229 | 0.042 | 5.508 | *** |
H3a2 | FC→JP | −0.254 | 0.056 | 4.532 | *** |
H3a3 | FC→ANX | 0.238 | 0.044 | 5.439 | *** |
H3a4 | FC→ST | 0.255 | 0.046 | 5.613 | *** |
H4 | DEP→JP | −0.191 | 0.061 | 3.146 | ** |
H5 | ANX→JP | −0.105 | 0.032 | 3.275 | *** |
H6 | ST→JP | −0.145 | 0.039 | 3.718 | *** |
Hypothesis | Indirect | Std. | Std. | T | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Relationships | Beta | Error | Values | Values | |
H4a | CVF→DEP→JP | −0.053 | 0.019 | 2.757 | ** |
H4b | PC→DEP→JP | −0.055 | 0.019 | 2.896 | ** |
H4c | FC→DEP→JP | −0.044 | 0.017 | 2.537 | * |
H5a | CVF→ANX→JP | −0.027 | 0.01 | 2.586 | * |
H5b | PC→ANX→JP | −0.031 | 0.011 | 2.809 | ** |
H5c | FC→ANX→JP | −0.025 | 0.01 | 2.607 | ** |
H6a | CVF→ST→JP | −0.039 | 0.014 | 2.815 | ** |
H6b | PC→ST→JP | −0.038 | 0.013 | 2.877 | ** |
H6c | FC→ST→JP | −0.037 | 0.013 | 2.829 | ** |
Latent Variables | R2 | R2Adj | Q2 | f2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
ANX | 0.431 | 0.428 | 0.247 | |
DEP | 0.429 | 0.426 | 0.243 | |
JP | 0.728 | 0.725 | 0.469 | |
ST | 0.433 | 0.430 | 0.251 | |
ANX→JP | 0.021 | |||
CVF→ANX | 0.072 | |||
CVF→DEP | 0.081 | |||
CVF→JP | 0.147 | |||
CVF→ST | 0.080 | |||
DEP→JP | 0.070 | |||
FC→ANX | 0.064 | |||
FC→DEP | 0.059 | |||
FC→JP | 0.134 | |||
FC→ST | 0.074 | |||
PC→ANX | 0.098 | |||
PC→DEP | 0.091 | |||
PC→JP | 0.022 | |||
PC→ST | 0.080 | |||
ST→JP | 0.040 |
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Sarfraz, M.; Ji, X.; Asghar, M.; Ivascu, L.; Ozturk, I. Signifying the Relationship between Fear of COVID-19, Psychological Concerns, Financial Concerns and Healthcare Employees Job Performance: A Mediated Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052657
Sarfraz M, Ji X, Asghar M, Ivascu L, Ozturk I. Signifying the Relationship between Fear of COVID-19, Psychological Concerns, Financial Concerns and Healthcare Employees Job Performance: A Mediated Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052657
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarfraz, Muddassar, Xiangbo Ji, Muhammad Asghar, Larisa Ivascu, and Ilknur Ozturk. 2022. "Signifying the Relationship between Fear of COVID-19, Psychological Concerns, Financial Concerns and Healthcare Employees Job Performance: A Mediated Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052657