Factors Influencing the Practice of Healthy Living as an Integrated Indicator of the Elderly’s Drinking, Smoking, and Walking Patterns: Using Korea Community Health Surveys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Rationale for the Study
1.2. Theoretical Framework
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Papulation
2.3. Study Variables
2.3.1. Dependent Variable
2.3.2. Independent Variables
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Healthy Lifestyle Practice between Busan and Gyeongnam Regions
3.2. Predictors of Healthy Lifestyle Practice in Older Adults in Busan and Gyeongnam
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Variables | Busan † | Gyeongnam † |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | ● | ● | |
Age | ● | ● | |
Demographic characteristics | Education level | ● | ● |
Income (KRW 1000) | ○ | ○ | |
Spouse | ● | ◐ | |
Daily sleep times (per week) | ◐ | ○ | |
Frequency of breakfast (last week) | ○ | ○ | |
Low-salt diet | ● | ● | |
BMI | ◐ | ○ | |
Health-related characteristics | Diagnosed hypertension | ◐ | ○ |
Diagnosed diabetes mellitus | ○ | ○ | |
Subjective perceived health | ● | ● | |
Stress | ○ | ○ | |
Depressive mood experience | ○ | ○ | |
Health-related characteristics | Limited daily activity | ● | ● |
Neighbours’ trust | ○ | ◐ | |
Mutual aid | ○ | ○ | |
Social network (neighbours) | ○ | ◐ | |
Social network (family) | ○ | ○ | |
Interpersonal factor | Social network (friends) | ○ | ◐ |
Religious activity | ● | ● | |
Socialize activity | ○ | ◐ | |
Free/Leisure activity | ○ | ○ | |
Charity activity | ○ | ○ | |
Overall safety level | ○ | ○ | |
Satisfaction with natural environment | ○ | ○ | |
Satisfaction with life environment | ◐ | ○ | |
Satisfaction with public transportation | ○ | ○ | |
Community factor | Cancer screening | ◐ | ○ |
Health screening | ○ | ○ | |
Vaccination | ◐ | ◐ | |
Utilized public healthcare | ○ | ○ | |
Unmet medical needs | ○ | ◐ | |
Falling accident | ◐ | ○ |
Variables | Busan | Gyeongnam | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 306) | No | χ2 or t | p | Yes (n = 229) | No | χ2 or t | p | |||
(n = 6724) | (n = 7562) | |||||||||
n † (% ‡) or | n † (% ‡) or | n † (% ‡) or | n † (% ‡) or | |||||||
M ± SE ‡ | M ± SE ‡ | M ± SE ‡ | M ± SE ‡ | |||||||
Personal factor | Gender | male | 43,482 (9.0) | 437,360 (91.0) | 292.16 | <0.001 | 20,060 (6.1) | 308,765 (93.9) | 206.5 | <0.001 |
female | 3331 (0.6) | 562,782 (99.4) | 2128 (0.5) | 410,213 (99.5) | ||||||
Age | ≥75 | 9502 (2.5) | 364,177 (97.5) | 33.97 | <0.001 | 4146 (1.5) | 267,168 (98.5) | 33.28 | <0.001 | |
65–74 | 37,310 (5.5) | 635,966 (94.5) | 18,043 (3.8) | 451,810 (96.2) | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 70.33 ± 0.29 | 72.85 ± 0.09 | 70.44 ± 0.34 | 73.01 ± 0.10 | ||||||
Education level | ≤Elementary | 14,269 (3.1) | 445,740 (96.9) | 23.6 | <0.001 | 6869 (1.8) | 377,386 (98.2) | 42.01 | <0.001 | |
≥Middle school | 32,259 (5.5) | 553,152 (94.5) | 15,319 (4.3) | 341,592 (95.7) | ||||||
Spouse | Yes | 36,669 (5.4) | 647,278 (94.6) | 25.15 | <0.001 | 16,282 (3.4) | 462,547 (96.6) | 8.1 | 0.042 | |
No | 10,038 (2.8) | 352,825 (97.2) | 5906 (2.2) | 256,431 (97.8) | ||||||
Daily Sleep times | ≤6 | 8557 (3.1) | 263,461 (96.9) | 10.15 | 0.007 | 4359 (2.3) | 188,479 (97.7) | 5.07 | 0.087 | |
≥7 | 38,256 (4.9) | 736,681 (95.1) | 17,829 (3.2) | 530,499 (96.8) | ||||||
Low salt diet | Yes | 42,107 (4.2) | 955,268 (95.8) | 20.62 | <0.001 | 20,068 (2.8) | 693,444 (97.2) | 22.7 | <0.001 | |
No | 4706 (9.5) | 44,875 (90.5) | 2120 (7.7) | 25,535 (92.3) | ||||||
BMI | <18.5 | 1985 (5.7) | 32,614 (94.3) | 17.89 | 0.002 | 1365 (4.2) | 30,932 (95.8) | 2.85 | 0.463 | |
18.5~25.0 | 34,943 (5.1) | 644,808 (94.9) | 15,037 (3.1) | 468,665 (96.9) | ||||||
≥26.0 | 92,77 (2.9) | 309,895 (97.1) | 5559 (2.6) | 204,855 (97.4) | ||||||
Diagnosed | Yes | 20,251 (3.9) | 501,278 (96.1) | 5.66 | 0.045 | 10,832 (2.9) | 364,251 (97.1) | 0.31 | 0.662 | |
Hypertension | No | 26,562 (5.1) | 498,777 (94.9) | 11356 (3.1) | 354,727 (96.9) | |||||
Subjective perceived health | Good | 15,312 (7.2) | 197,578 (92.8) | 49.6 | <0.001 | 8370 (5.3) | 149,941 (94.7) | 45.15 | <0.001 | |
Moderate | 22,798 (4.8) | 450,888 (95.2) | 9037 (2.9) | 302,452 (97.1) | ||||||
Bad | 8703 (2.4) | 351,677 (97.6) | 4781 (1.8) | 266,584 (98.2) | ||||||
Limited daily activity | Yes | 37,571 (5.3) | 667,044 (94.7) | 25.1 | <0.001 | 18,507 (3.7) | 477,214 (96.3) | 29.64 | <0.001 | |
No | 9241 (2.7) | 333,098 (97.3) | 3681 (1.5) | 241,764 (98.5) |
Variables | Busan | Gyeongnam | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 306) | No | χ2 or t | p | Yes (n = 229) | No | χ2 or t | p | |||
(n = 6724) | (n = 7562) | |||||||||
n † (% ‡) or | n † (% ‡) or | n † (%‡) or | n † (% ‡) or | |||||||
M ± SE ‡ | M ± SE ‡ | M ± SE ‡ | M ± SE ‡ | |||||||
Interpersonal factor | Neighbors trust | Yes | 32,260 (4.4) | 70,6881 (95.6) | 0.47 | 0.579 | 15,324 (4.3) | 561,947 (95.7) | 11.9 | 0.016 |
No | 12,965 (4.7) | 259,959 (95.3) | 6694 (2.7) | 149,411 (97.3) | ||||||
Social network (neighbors) | Yes | 27,689 (4.1) | 648,062 (95.9) | 4.25 | 0.093 | 19,025 (3.2) | 567,373 (96.8) | 6.27 | 0.048 | |
No | 19,123 (5.2) | 351,376 (94.8) | 3164 (2.0) | 150,977 (98.0) | ||||||
Social network | Yes | 26,362 (4.1) | 617,196 (95.9) | 3.69 | 0.102 | 16,527 (3.4) | 463,034 (96.6) | 10 | 0.018 | |
(friends) | No | 20,450 (5.1) | 382,946 (94.9) | 5662 (2.2) | 255,521 (97.8) | |||||
Religious activity | Yes | 9181 (2.6) | 347,342 (97.4) | 30.56 | <0.001 | 2526 (1.4) | 172,011 (98.6) | 19.77 | <0.001 | |
No | 37,632 (5.4) | 652,800 (94.6) | 19,663 (3.5) | 546,967 (96.5) | ||||||
Socialize activity | Yes | 30,932 (4.9) | 601,825 (95.1) | 4.38 | 0.072 | 15,082 (3.7) | 397,076 (96.3) | 14.88 | 0.004 | |
No | 15,880 (3.8) | 398,318 (96.2) | 7107 (2.7) | 321,902 (97.8) |
Variables | Busan | Gyeongnam | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 306) | No | χ2 or t | p | Yes (n = 229) | No | χ2 or t | p | |||
(n = 6724) | (n = 7562) | |||||||||
n † (% ‡) or | n † (% ‡) or | n † (% ‡) or | n † (% ‡) or | |||||||
M ± SE ‡ | M ± SE ‡ | M ± SE ‡ | M ± SE ‡ | |||||||
Community factor | Satisfaction with life environment | Yes | 38,332 (7.3) | 889,976 (92.7) | 16.18 | 0.001 | 19,471 (2.9) | 647,835 (97.1) | 0.7 | 0.485 |
No | 8389 (4.1) | 106,425 (95.9) | 2518 (3.5) | 70,279 (96.5) | ||||||
Cancer screening | Yes | 29,932 (5.5) | 709,403 (94.5) | 7.13 | 0.025 | 15,724 (3.0) | 509,513 (97.0) | 0 | 0.983 | |
No | 16,881 (4.0) | 290,347 (96.0) | 6464 (3.0) | 208,576 (97.0) | ||||||
Vaccination | Yes | 36,776 (6.7) | 863,962 (93.3) | 14.08 | 0.001 | 16,881 (5.5) | 628,333 (94.5) | 25.88 | 0.001 | |
No | 9841 (4.1) | 135,956 (95.9) | 5307 (2.6) | 90,376 (97.4) | ||||||
Unmet medical needs | Yes | 2693 (5.4) | 47,096 (94.6) | 0.72 | 0.556 | 21,423 (3.1) | 669,862 (96.9) | 4.12 | 0.036 | |
No | 44,119 (4.4) | 953,046 (95.6) | 766 (1.5) | 49,116 (98.5) | ||||||
Falling accident | Yes | 4800 (3.1) | 151,182 (96.9) | 5.6 | 0.047 | 2897 (2.4) | 117,182 (97.6) | 1.75 | 0.365 | |
No | 42,012 (4.7) | 848,960 (95.3) | 19,291 (3.1) | 601,796 (96.9) |
Variables | Busan | Gyeongnam | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 7030) | (n = 7229) | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |||
Personal factor | Gender | Male | 0.06 | 0.03–0.09 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 0.03–0.12 | <0.001 |
Female | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Age | ≥75 | 0.44 | 1.31–1.61 | <0.001 | 0.32 | 0.19–0.53 | <0.001 | |
65–74 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Education level | ≤Elementary | 0.82 | 0.60–1.14 | 0.243 | 0.91 | 0.63–1.34 | 0.644 | |
≥Middle school | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Spouse | Yes | 1.26 | 0.88–1.80 | 0.206 | 1.94 | 1.26–2.99 | 0.003 | |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Daily sleep times | ≤6 | 1.18 | 0.82–1.71 | 0.37 | 1.19 | 0.75–1.88 | 0.469 | |
(per week) | ≥7 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Low salt diet | Yes | 1.82 | 1.16–2.86 | 0.01 | 2.3 | 1.15–4.62 | 0.019 | |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Weight control (BMI) | <18.5 | 0.56 | 0.27–1.17 | 0.122 | 0.5 | 0.21–1.17 | 0.11 | |
18.5~25.0 | 0.62 | 0.43–0.91 | 0.014 | 0.89 | 0.53–1.50 | 0.665 | ||
≥26.0 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Diagnosed | Yes | 1.05 | 0.78–1.41 | 0.748 | 0.76 | 0.51–1.13 | 0.171 | |
Hypertension | No | 1 | 1 | |||||
Subjective perceived health | Good | 0.39 | 0.25–0.62 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 0.24–0.69 | 0.001 | |
Moderate | 0.57 | 0.37–0.88 | 0.012 | 0.63 | 0.38–1.04 | 0.07 | ||
Bad | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Limited of daily activity | Yes | 0.95 | 0.59–1.52 | 0.827 | 0.8 | 0.50–1.28 | 0.353 | |
No | 1 | 1 |
Variables | Busan | Gyeongnam | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 7030) | (n = 7229) | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |||
Interpersonal factors | Neighbors trust | Yes | 0.94 | 0.65–1.36 | 0.729 | 2.73 | 1.81–4.12 | <0.001 |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Social network (neighbors) | Yes | 1.17 | 0.85–1.61 | 0.332 | 0.54 | 0.32–0.91 | 0.021 | |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Social network (friends) | Yes | 1.22 | 0.90–1.64 | 0.202 | 0.71 | 0.48–1.06 | 0.092 | |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Religious activity | Yes | 2.06 | 1.44–2.93 | <0.001 | 2.53 | 1.58–4.06 | <0.001 | |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Socialize activity | Yes | 0.64 | 0.47–0.88 | 0.006 | 0.6 | 0.41–0.88 | 0.01 | |
No | 1 | 1 |
Variables | Busan (n = 7030) | Gyeongnam (n = 7229) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |||
Community factors | Satisfaction with life environment | Yes | 1.72 | 1.14–2.59 | 0.009 | 1.22 | 0.70–2.12 | 0.493 |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Cancer screening | Yes | 1.3 | 0.89–1.90 | 0.175 | 1.06 | 0.59–1.93 | 0.837 | |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Health screening | Yes | 0.98 | 0.65–1.49 | 0.931 | 0.81 | 0.41–1.62 | 0.555 | |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Vaccination | Yes | 1.59 | 1.13–2.23 | 0.008 | 2.46 | 1.50–4.04 | <0.001 | |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Unmet medical needs | Yes | 0.92 | 0.45–1.87 | 0.811 | 2 | 1.00–4.01 | 0.05 | |
No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Falling accident | Yes | 1.61 | 1.02–2.53 | 0.039 | 1.24 | 0.71–2.18 | 0.445 | |
No | 1 | 1 |
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Kim, E.; Choo, I.; Noh, Y. Factors Influencing the Practice of Healthy Living as an Integrated Indicator of the Elderly’s Drinking, Smoking, and Walking Patterns: Using Korea Community Health Surveys. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041936
Kim E, Choo I, Noh Y. Factors Influencing the Practice of Healthy Living as an Integrated Indicator of the Elderly’s Drinking, Smoking, and Walking Patterns: Using Korea Community Health Surveys. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041936
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Eunha, Inhee Choo, and Yunhwan Noh. 2022. "Factors Influencing the Practice of Healthy Living as an Integrated Indicator of the Elderly’s Drinking, Smoking, and Walking Patterns: Using Korea Community Health Surveys" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 1936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041936