Precarious Employment and Chronic Stress: Do Social Support Networks Matter?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Sample and Variables
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptives
3.2. Perceived Stress
3.3. Biomarkers of Chronic Stresss
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Outcome 1: 20αDHE (ng/mg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor 2 | B | CI 95% 3 | p | |
LI | LS | |||
EPRES | 0.01 | −0.19 | 0.20 | 0.935 |
DUFSS | 0.004 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.439 |
DUFSS*EPRES | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.989 |
Woman | −0.07 | −0.22 | 0.07 | 0.324 |
Woman*EPRES | 0.25 | −0.02 | 0.52 | 0.071 |
Age > 34 | −0.04 | −0.22 | 0.14 | 0.667 |
BMI | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 | <0.001 |
Intercept | 1.11 | 0.56 | 1.66 | <0.001 |
Model Adjustment | ||||
Observations | 255 | |||
R2 | 0.119 | |||
F statistic | F(7; 247) = 3.9196, p < 0.001 |
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Variables | Range | 1st Quartil | Median | Mean | 3rd Quartil | Missing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcomes | ||||||
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS scale) | 1–44 | 19.00 | 24.00 | 24.34 | 30.00 | 0 |
Cortisol (ng/mg) | 1.12–70.27 | 4.76 | 6.88 | 9.75 | 11.71 | 4 |
20α-dihydrocortisol (20αDHF, ng/mg) | 0.10–7.60 | 0.35 | 0.67 | 1.01 | 1.14 | 5 |
20ß-dihydrocortisol (20βDHF, ng/mg) | 1.01–23.12 | 2.85 | 4.05 | 5.05 | 5.98 | 0 |
Cortisona (ng/mg) | 3.08–128.05 | 19.47 | 25.89 | 30.32 | 35.17 | 0 |
20α-dihydrocortisone (20αDHE, ng/mg) | 1.57–61.98 | 5.15 | 7.17 | 9.62 | 11.54 | 0 |
20ß dihydrocortisone (20βDHE, ng/mg) | 1.31–36.79 | 3.57 | 5.02 | 6.41 | 7.42 | 0 |
A_11dehydrocorticosterona (11-DHC, ng/mg) | 0.56–10.08 | 1.74 | 2.40 | 2.77 | 3.31 | 1 |
Predictors | ||||||
Precariousness (EPRES scale) | 0.06–3.01 | 0.61 | 0.96 | 1.03 | 1.39 | 0 |
Social Support (DUFSS scale) | 19–55 | 41 | 46 | 44.48 | 50.3 | 0 |
Adjustment variables | ||||||
Woman | 0–1 | --- | --- | 0.51 | --- | 0 |
Age > 34 (years) | 0–1 | --- | --- | 0.74 | --- | 0 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 16.61–42.91 | 22.23 | 24.51 | 25.04 | 27.17 | 0 |
Model (1): Main Effects Only | Model (2): Interaction | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor 1 | B | CI 95% 2 | p | B | CI 95% 2 | p | ||
LI | LS | LI | LS | |||||
EPRES | 4.17 | <0.001 | 4.32 | 2.68 | 5.95 | <0.001 | ||
DUFSS | −0.23 | <0.001 | −0.27 | −0.38 | −0.16 | <0.001 | ||
DUFSS*EPRES | --- | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.39 | 0.014 | |||
Woman | 3.37 | <0.001 | 3.45 | 1.80 | 5.09 | <0.001 | ||
Age > 34 | −2.42 | 0.012 | −2.27 | −4.15 | −0.38 | 0.019 | ||
Intercept | 26.83 | <0.001 | 26.84 | 23.32 | 30.35 | <0.001 | ||
--- | --- | |||||||
Model adjustment | ||||||||
Observations | 255 | 255 | ||||||
R2 | 0.289 | 0.304 | ||||||
F statistic | F(4;250) = 25.398, p < 0.001 | F(5;249) = 26.275, p < 0.001 |
Outcome 1: Cortisol (ng/mg) | Outcome 1: Cortisone (ng/mg) | ||||||||
Predictor 2 | B | CI 95% 3 | p | Predictor 2 | B | CI 95% 3 | p | ||
LI | LS | LI | LS | ||||||
EPRES | −0.05 | −0.28 | 0.17 | 0.644 | EPRES | −0.01 | −0.16 | 0.14 | 0.909 |
DUFSS | −0.003 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.544 | DUFSS | −0.001 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.779 |
DUFSS*EPRES | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.432 | DUFSS*EPRES | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.693 |
Woman | −0.03 | −0.21 | 0.16 | 0.754 | Woman | −0.23 | −0.37 | −0.10 | 0.001 |
Woman*EPRES | 0.05 | −0.29 | 0.40 | 0.760 | Woman*EPRES | 0.16 | −0.07 | 0.38 | 0.172 |
Age > 34 | −0.11 | −0.32 | 0.11 | 0.326 | Age > 34 | −0.02 | −0.17 | 0.13 | 0.781 |
BMI | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.195 | BMI | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.172 |
Intercept | 1.75 | 0.99 | 2.52 | <0.001 | Intercept | 3.03 | 2.45 | 3.60 | <0.001 |
Model adjustment | Model adjustment | ||||||||
Observations | 251 | Observations | 255 | ||||||
R2 | 0.017 | R2 | 0.076 | ||||||
F statistic | F(7;243) = 0.547, p = 0.7984 | F statistic | F(7;243) = 3.272, p = 0.002 | ||||||
Outcome 1: 20αDHF (ng/mg) | Outcome 1: 20βDHE ng/mg) | ||||||||
Predictor 2 | B | CI 95% 3 | p | Predictor 2 | B | CI 95% 3 | p | ||
LI | LS | LI | LS | ||||||
EPRES | 0.01 | −0.30 | 0.32 | 0.973 | EPRES | 0.02 | −0.15 | 0.19 | 0.848 |
DUFSS | 0.002 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.766 | DUFSS | 0.002 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.675 |
DUFSS*EPRES | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.596 | DUFSS*EPRES | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.649 |
Woman | 0.10 | −0.12 | 0.31 | 0.378 | Woman | −0.27 | −0.41 | −0.13 | <0.001 |
Woman*EPRES | 0.29 | −0.13 | 0.70 | 0.176 | Woman*EPRES | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.042 |
Age > 34 | −0.19 | −0.46 | 0.09 | 0.178 | Age > 34 | −0.06 | −0.23 | 0.10 | 0.461 |
BMI | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.001 | BMI | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.186 |
Intercept | −1.33 | −2.14 | −0.52 | 0.001 | Intercept | 1.60 | 1.07 | 2.13 | <0.001 |
Model adjustment | Model adjustment | ||||||||
Observations | 250 | Observations | 255 | ||||||
R2 | 0.081 | R2 | 0.105 | ||||||
F statistic | F(7;242) = 2.742, p = 0.009 | F statistic | F(7;247) = 5.0667, p =< 0.001 | ||||||
Outcome 1: 20βDHF (ng/mg) | Outcome 1: 11-DHC (ng/mg) | ||||||||
Predictor 2 | B | CI 95% 3 | p | Predictor 2 | B | CI 95% 3 | p | ||
LI | LS | LI | LS | ||||||
EPRES | 0.01 | −0.17 | 0.19 | 0.906 | EPRES | 0.11 | −0.07 | 0.28 | 0.234 |
DUFSS | 0.002 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.738 | DUFSS | 0.001 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.886 |
DUFSS*EPRES | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.683 | DUFSS*EPRES | 0.003 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.685 |
Woman | −0.17 | −0.31 | −0.03 | 0.015 | Woman | −0.17 | −0.30 | −0.04 | 0.009 |
Woman*EPRES | 0.18 | −0.06 | 0.41 | 0.138 | Woman*EPRES | 0.15 | −0.09 | 0.40 | 0.214 |
Age > 34 | −0.11 | −0.28 | 0.06 | 0.219 | Age > 34 | −0.19 | −0.35 | −0.03 | 0.018 |
BMI | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.568 | BMI | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.00 | 0.014 |
Intercept | 1.58 | 1.04 | 2.12 | <0.001 | Intercept | 1.84 | 1.35 | 2.32 | <0.001 |
Model adjustment | Model adjustment | ||||||||
Observations | 255 | Observations | 254 | ||||||
R2 | 0.054 | R2 | 0.131 | ||||||
F statistic | F(7;247) = 2.993, p = 0.005 | F statistic | F(7;246) = 5.8585, p =< 0.001 |
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Belvis, F.; Bolíbar, M.; Benach, J.; Julià, M. Precarious Employment and Chronic Stress: Do Social Support Networks Matter? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031909
Belvis F, Bolíbar M, Benach J, Julià M. Precarious Employment and Chronic Stress: Do Social Support Networks Matter? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031909
Chicago/Turabian StyleBelvis, Francesc, Mireia Bolíbar, Joan Benach, and Mireia Julià. 2022. "Precarious Employment and Chronic Stress: Do Social Support Networks Matter?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031909