Variability of Performance and Kinematics of Different Shot Put Techniques in Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes–A Preliminary Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symbol | Description |
---|---|
γ | RLS angle |
H | height of RLS |
h | height of the center of the body during RLS |
D | distance of the throw |
Vr | resultant velocity of the athlete’s center of gravity (CG) and the center of the shot (S) |
Vx | horizontal velocity of the athlete’s center of gravity (CG) and the center of the shot (S) |
Vy | vertical velocity of the athlete’s center of gravity (CG) and the center of the shot (S) |
S-H | shoulder-hip separation during RLS |
β_r | rear (right) knee angle |
β_l | front (left) knee angle |
φ_r | shoulder angle of the right (throwing) arm |
δ_r | elbow angle of the right (throwing) arm |
λ_r | right hip angle |
λ_l | left hip angle |
x_CG | distance in horizontal directions of the athlete’s center of gravity |
y_CG | distance in vertical directions of the athlete’s center of gravity |
z_CG | distance in lateral directions of the athlete’s center of gravity |
R_CG | resultant distance of the athlete’s center of gravity |
x_S | distance in horizontal directions of the shot |
y_S | distance in vertical directions of the shot |
z_S | distance in lateral directions of the shot |
R_S | resultant distance of the shot |
A | B | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
R | G | R | G | |
β_r (°) | 148.31 ± 10.16 | 141.74 ± 11.06 | 150.00 ± 16.14 | 133.04 ± 34.56 |
β_l (°) | 168.31 ± 6.18 | 172.83 ± 3.31 | 170.25 ± 4.71 | 175.92 ± 3.03 |
φ_r (°) | 122.54 ± 4.43 | 131.80 ± 3.83 | 121.03 ± 7.49 | 121.83 ± 14.01 |
δ_r (°) | 162.01 ± 9.63 | 164.09 ± 7.82 | 147.55 ± 15.78 | 137.06 ± 14.61 |
λ_r (°) | 167.89 ± 5.90 | 171.46 ± 3.71 | 162.76 ± 7.18 | 169.05 ± 5.54 |
λ_l (°) | 156.11 ± 7.30 | 141.95 ± 5.23 | 147.77 ± 4.26 | 139.98 ± 8.97 |
S-H (°) | 23.99 ± 11.00 | 30.56 ± 6.28 | 31.95 ± 12.48 | 22.75 ± 6.59 |
VxCG (m/s) | 0.55 ± 0.20 | 0.72 ± 0.32 | 0.60 ± 0.13 | 0.79 ± 0.22 |
VyCG (m/s) | 0.99 ± 0.28 | 0.92 ± 0.17 | 1.31 ± 0.46 | 1.15 ± 0.28 |
VrCG (m/s) | 1.22 ± 0.26 | 1.2 ± 0.25 | 1.52 ± 0.39 | 1.42 ± 0.31 |
h (m) | 1.23 ± 0.07 | 1.23 ± 0.06 | 1.22 ± 0.08 | 1.24 ± 0.03 |
VxS (m/s) | 10.23 ± 0.50 | 9.77 ± 0.68 | 9.49 ± 0.83 | 9.13 ± 0.90 |
VyS (m/s) | 7.57 ± 0.33 | 7.86 ± 0.33 | 6.97 ± 0.60 | 7.55 ± 1.10 |
VrS (m/s) | 12.76 ± 0.41 | 12.66 ± 0.46 | 11.83 ± 0.79 | 11.93 ± 0.87 |
H (m) | 2.18 ± 0.11 | 2.27 ± 0.06 | 2.16 ± 0.16 | 2.27 ± 0.16 |
γ (°) | 37.75 ± 3.32 | 39.40 ± 2.88 | 36.35 ± 2.86 | 39.57 ± 5.41 |
D (m) | 18.95 ± 0.74 | 19.18 ± 1.02 | 18.08 ± 0.6 | 17.91 ± 0.5 |
x_CG (m) | 1.56 ± 0.09 | 1.57 ± 0.11 | 1.57 ± 0.05 | 1.58 ± 0.41 |
y_CG (m) | 0.71 ± 0.08 | 0.76 ± 0.15 | 0.72 ± 0.09 | 0.74 ± 0.20 |
z_CG (m) | 0.72 ± 0.13 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.79 ± 0.07 | 0.23 ± 0.08 |
R_CG (m) | 2.04 ± 0.12 | 1.87 ± 0.18 | 2.15 ± 0.05 | 1.87 ± 0.49 |
x_S (m) | 3.91 ± 0.39 | 3.71 ± 0.37 | 3.42 ± 0.41 | 3.20 ± 0.87 |
y_S (m) | 2.37 ± 0.31 | 2.6 ± 0.25 | 2.07 ± 0.16 | 2.10 ± 0.64 |
z_S (m) | 1.78 ± 0.22 | 0.71 ± 0.23 | 1.68 ± 0.24 | 0.47 ± 0.15 |
R_S (m) | 5.42 ± 0.47 | 4.74 ± 0.49 | 4.88 ± 0.47 | 4.04 ± 1.09 |
CG | S | Athlete | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
h (%) | H (%) | D (%) | γ (%) | φ_r (%) | σ_r (%) | λ_p (%) | λ_l (%) | β_p (%) | β_l (%) | S-H [%) | ||
A | R | 5.0 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 20.5 |
G | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 4.4 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 9.3 | |
B | R | 1.5 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 4.9 | 2.5 | 6.4 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 32.8 |
G | 1.9 | 4.3 | 2.3 | 9.9 | 8.7 | 9.8 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 19.4 |
CG | S | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x (%) | y (%) | z (%) | R (%) | Vx (%) | Vy (%) | Vr (%) | x (%) | y (%) | z (%) | R (%) | Vx (%) | Vy (%) | Vr (%) | ||
A | R | 1.9 | 2.3 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 21.8 | 9.0 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 4.9 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 1.4 |
G | 4.2 | 10.2 | 13.7 | 6.2 | 20.6 | 17.7 | 8.7 | 6.2 | 4.9 | 13.8 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 1.3 | |
B | R | 1.8 | 3.4 | 6.0 | 1.8 | 17.6 | 20.0 | 13.1 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.1 |
G | 2.1 | 3.9 | 13.2 | 2.0 | 18.4 | 18.7 | 15.6 | 7.2 | 11.7 | 9.6 | 6.8 | 5.1 | 10.4 | 5.1 |
TECHNIQUE | R + G | R | G | R + G | R + G | R | R | G | G |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GROUP | A + B | A + B | A + B | A | B | A | B | A | B |
Parameters of the athlete | |||||||||
β_r | −0.250 | −0.380 | −0.156 | 0.106 | −0.551 | −0.125 | −0.623 | 0.346 | −0.626 |
β_l | −0.288 | −0.291 | −0.303 | −0.183 | −0.374 | 0.040 | −0.692 | −0.305 | −0.428 |
σ_r | −0.304 | −0.210 | −0.322 | 0.136 | −0.027 | 0.049 | 0.099 | 0.232 | −0.062 |
λ_l | −0.270 | −0.120 | −0.369 | 0.288 | −0.277 | 0.378 | −0.441 | 0.281 | −0.150 |
S-H | −0.217 | −0.411 | −0.199 | −0.077 | −0.134 | −0.092 | −0.413 | −0.006 | −0.117 |
VxCG | −0.228 | −0.161 | −0.207 | −0.271 | −0.339 | −0.031 | −0.473 | −0.591 | −0.522 |
VyCG | −0.153 | 0.036 | −0.298 | −0.021 | 0.033 | 0.435 | −0.044 | −0.718 | 0.046 |
Parameters of the shot | |||||||||
VxS | −0.460 | −0.483 | −0.475 | −0.246 | −0.441 | −0.229 | −0.575 | −0.259 | −0.406 |
VrS | −0.531 | −0.653 | −0.358 | −0.225 | −0.376 | −0.656 | −0.325 | 0.398 | −0.130 |
γ | −0.305 | −0.368 | −0.117 | −0.017 | −0.139 | −0.307 | −0.266 | 0.421 | 0.237 |
x_S | −0.153 | −0.129 | −0.056 | −0.064 | 0.355 | 0.216 | 0.239 | −0.684 | 0.427 |
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Mastalerz, A.; Sadowski, J. Variability of Performance and Kinematics of Different Shot Put Techniques in Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes–A Preliminary Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031751
Mastalerz A, Sadowski J. Variability of Performance and Kinematics of Different Shot Put Techniques in Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes–A Preliminary Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031751
Chicago/Turabian StyleMastalerz, Andrzej, and Jerzy Sadowski. 2022. "Variability of Performance and Kinematics of Different Shot Put Techniques in Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes–A Preliminary Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031751
APA StyleMastalerz, A., & Sadowski, J. (2022). Variability of Performance and Kinematics of Different Shot Put Techniques in Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes–A Preliminary Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031751