Next Article in Journal
Evaluation of the Efficiency in Public Health Centers in Greece Regarding the Human Resources Occupied: A Bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis Application
Next Article in Special Issue
An Explanatory Model of the Relationships between Physical Activity, Social Support and Screen Time among Adolescents
Previous Article in Journal
International Understandings of Health Literacy in Childhood and Adolescence—A Qualitative-Explorative Analysis of Global Expert Interviews
Previous Article in Special Issue
Disruptive Behaviors in Physical Education: A Matched Study of Social Skills and Sport Practice in a Region of Spain
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJERPH
Volume 19
Issue 3
10.3390/ijerph19031598
ijerph-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Lifestyle and Self-Perceived Quality of Life in Sports Students: A Case Study

by
Juan Gavala-González
1,
Amanda Torres-Perez
2,*,
Ismael Gálvez-Fernández
2,* and
José Carlos Fernández-García
2
1
Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
2
Department of Didactics of Languages, Arts and Sport, University of Malaga, Andalucía-Tech, IBIMA, 29071 Malaga, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031598
Submission received: 26 December 2021 / Revised: 24 January 2022 / Accepted: 26 January 2022 / Published: 30 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emotional Intelligence, Active Lifestyle, and Other Associated Variables)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Adolescence has been considered a crucial stage for the adoption of healthy habits such as physical activity. In addition, numerous research studies have shown that physical activity is a positive factor for health behaviors and quality of life. In this sense, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between physical activity levels and perceived quality of life in a sample of students studying physical activity and sport. This is a descriptive observational study with a population of physical activity and sports students from the San Pablo High School in Seville, Spain. The participants (N = 86), with a mean age of 18.56 ± 1.88 years, were pursuing professional qualifications in Physical Activity and Sport. They were administered the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) and the SF-36 questionnaire on perceived health status. For data analysis, a correlation analysis (Spearman’s rho) was performed. The results indicate that students attending sports-related vocational training programs engaged in more physical activity (96.9%) than the population average suggested by the World Health Organization (20%). In addition, a direct relationship was shown between participating in physical activity and perceived health. Depending on the intensity of the physical activity, students found less physical interference (IPAQ Vigorous—Physical Function (rho = 0.252; p = 0.019); IPAQ Sedentary—Bodily Pain (rho = 0. 223; p < 0.039); IPAQ Total—Physical Function (rho = 0.256; p = 0.018)) and emotional interference (IPAQ Moderate—Emotional Role (rho = 0.237; p = 0.028)) when performing exercise or activities of daily life; therefore, physical activity appears to be beneficial for self-perception of quality of life.

1. Introduction

Defining the life phase of adolescence is not an easy task for science because it encompasses elements of biological growth and important social role transitions, which have been changing throughout history and particularly at the end of the twentieth century. The earlier biological initiation of puberty has accelerated the onset of adolescence in almost all populations, while an understanding of continued growth has raised its final age well into the twenties, although the World Health Organization (WHO) continues to define adolescence as the period of growth that occurs after childhood and before adulthood, between the ages of 10 and 19 years [1,2].
Adolescence is a stage of human evolutionary development in which there is a continuous process of highly relevant changes in physical, psychological and social maturation [3]. These changes have a considerable influence on the development and consolidation of aspects such as individual identity, the configuration of self-concept and its dimensions, daily habits and lifestyle [4,5,6].
One of the most important aspects during this stage, which is essential for the appropriate overall development of the adolescent, is the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits, understood as health patterns, behaviors, beliefs, knowledge and actions carried out to maintain, restore or improve health [7,8]. This is because it is during adolescence when habits and behaviors that will be maintained throughout life are developed and established [9,10,11,12].
There is currently widespread concern about the increase in sedentary behaviors among the population, especially among young people [13,14,15,16]. Free time is spent on activities such as watching television, surfing the Internet or using cell phones, while physical activity is neglected [6,13,14]. This has strong negative repercussions for health status, and may considerably increase problems arising from inactivity, such as being overweight or obese, thus seriously affecting quality of life [15,16,17,18,19,20].
However, despite the various proven benefits of physical activity [21,22,23,24,25], only 30–40% of young people are sufficiently active, according to public health recommendations [26]. These guidelines recommend performing at least 60 min a day of moderate or vigorous activity and working on muscular strength and flexibility for a minimum of two days a week, as this seems to be adequate to prevent problems associated with inactivity [15,27,28,29]. According to the WHO, around 80% of the world’s adolescents have an insufficient level of physical activity [29,30].
Numerous studies support a clear, positive relationship between physical activity and general health [21,25,31,32,33,34,35], as well as physical [21,36], social [34,37] and psychological health [38], which is why physical activity should be a fundamental activity in the leisure time of adolescents [39,40,41]. Several studies [17,18,25,36,39] have shown the multiple benefits of regular and adequate physical activity on health behaviors and quality of life, as manifested by improved mood, greater resistance to stress, better physical condition and a better self-perception of health and quality of life [5,42,43,44,45,46]. In addition, adolescents who engage in more active behaviors also perceive themselves as having better health and greater life satisfaction [46,47,48,49], while those who engage in more sedentary behaviors, such as watching television or spending time on their cell phones, are associated with problems such as poorer mental health [28,50]. This relationship between physical activity and self-perceived health is consistent throughout life. Thus, lifestyle during adulthood may be affected by physical activity behaviors adopted during the early stages of life [50].
Finally, studies using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to evaluate physical activity and “The SF-36 health status questionnaire” for quality of life show significant relationships between these variables, which implies that greater physical activity is associated with better self-perceived health [45,51,52,53].
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between different levels of physical activity and self-perception of quality of life in a sample of adolescent students attending vocational education programs in physical activity and sports, because the practice of physical activity is considered a promoter of good health and quality of life [33,34,54].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Design and Participants

This was an observational, descriptive study using a cross-sectional correlational methodology, in which questionnaires served as a tool for data collection [55]. All measurements were performed on a single occasion. The study sample comprised the entire population of intermediate or advanced vocational training students enrolled in a Physical Activity and Sport program at the IES San Pablo High School in Seville, Spain, for a total of 86 participants—63 men and 23 women—with a mean age of 18.56 ± 1.88 years (Table 1).
After the initial selection, the participants were informed of the nature of the study, indicating that their anonymity would be maintained at all times, following the ethical standards for Sport and Exercise Science Research [56] and the principles set out in the Declaration of Helsinki [57], which define the ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. The University of Malaga assigned the identification number 65-2020-H, which is registered with the Ethics Committee. The participants provided written informed consent, and throughout the intervention and afterward, we acted under the provisions of Organic Law 3/2018, of 5 December, on the Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights, regarding the protection of personal data under Spanish law. After signing the informed consent form, the physical activity (IPAQ-SF) and the health-related quality of life (SF-36) questionnaires were administered.

2.2. Tools

To assess physical activity levels, we used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire—short version (IPAQ-SF), which consists of seven questions with acceptable measurement properties for monitoring physical activity levels in different environments and also reports the number of METs [58].
This questionnaire comprises seven questions about the frequency, duration and intensity of activity (moderate or vigorous) performed in the last seven-day period [59], and allows different levels of physical activity to be established:
-
High: accumulating a total of at least 3000 MET/week.
-
Moderate: exceeding 600 MET/week.
-
Low: less than 600 MET/week.
The SF-36 health status questionnaire was used to measure self-perceived quality of life. This questionnaire consists of 36 items that report both positive and negative states of health and form 8 dimensions: physical function, social function, physical role, emotional role, mental health, vitality, bodily pain and general health [60].
For the evaluation of this questionnaire, the response options for each item form Likert-type scales assessing intensity or frequency, ranging from 3 to 6 depending on the item. The score for each item is coded and transformed into a scale ranging from 0 (worst state for that dimension) to 100 (best state), using the scoring manual of the Spanish version of the SF-36 health questionnaire [60]. In this way, each of the dimensions is scored between 0 and 100 points.
Both the IPAQ and the SF-36 are two approved questionnaires whose reliability and validity have been tested in different studies [61,62,63].

2.3. Data Analysis

All statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The fit of the different variables to the normal distribution was assessed by both graphic procedures (QQ plot) and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The results showed that the study variables did not follow normality.
To verify the existence of significant relationships between the physical activity and health perception variables, correlation analysis (Spearman’s rho) was performed to measure the degree of association between the related quantitative variables.

3. Results

The descriptive analysis of the study variables (Table 2), the levels of physical activity (IPAQ-SF) and the different dimensions of self-rated quality of life (SF-36) are shown in the following table.
With respect to self-perceived general health, 64.0% of the participants reported very good or excellent health, 33.7% said they were in good health and only 2.3% of the participants said they were in fair health. None of them said they were in poor health.
For physical activity levels according to the IPAQ-SF questionnaire, 90.7% of the participants had a high level of physical activity, indicating that they accumulated at least 3000 METweek, and 9.3% had a moderate level, exceeding 600 MET/week. None of the participants, therefore, had a low level of physical activity.
When we consider differences according to sex and physical activity levels, we can see that, in general, both men and women considered to be vigorous in their activity reach significantly higher levels of total physical activity than those considered to be moderate. (Table 3). Practically all of the variables that show statistically significant differences present the size of the effects, calculated from the Hedges’ G for a paired sample, as being greater than 0.8. Therefore, the differences are statistically significant and clinically relevant.
The correlations between the different physical activity variables and the perceived quality of life dimensions are presented in Table 4.
Focusing on the most significant correlations found in the study, Figure 1 shows how vigorous physical activity has a highly significant, direct relationship with the participants’ general perceived health (rho = 0.343; p = 0.001 < 0.01), which implies that those who perform more vigorous activity perceive themselves to have a better health status.
In addition, vigorous physical activity shows a significant direct correlation with the physical function dimension (rho = 0.252; p = 0.019 < 0.05). Similarly, the total physical activity variable is also directly related to physical function (rho = 0.256; p = 0.018 < 0.05), which implies that participants who performed more vigorous physical activity and those who accumulated a greater amount of total physical activity had better physical function, meaning that they had fewer health limitations when performing moderate and vigorous activities (Figure 2).
Figure 3 illustrates the correlation between participation in moderate physical activity and the dimension of perceived quality of life called emotional role (rho = 0.237; p = 0.028 < 0.05). This shows that higher levels of moderate-intensity physical activity are associated with a better emotional role, i.e., that emotional problems in those who engage in a greater amount of moderate physical activity interfere less in their daily activities.
On the other hand, sedentary activity shows a significant inverse correlation with bodily pain (rho = −0.223; p = 0.039 < 0.05). Thus, greater time spent on sedentary activities resulted in greater bodily pain in the participants (Figure 4).
Finally, Figure 5 presents the relationship between the total physical activity variable and general perceived health. There is a very low but positive, non-significant relationship (rho = 0.209; p = 0.053 < 0.05), indicating that those who performed a greater amount of weekly physical activity perceived themselves to have a better general health status.

4. Discussion

The present study was undertaken to determine the possible effects that participation in regular physical activity can have on perceived health in a sample of adolescents; the new findings are related to the characteristics of the population, comprised of adolescents and young adults enrolled in studies related to physical activity and sport and who at a given time will be future promoters of physical activity. The variables observed were associated with healthy lifestyle habits and behaviors, since adolescence is the stage in which behaviors are established that will have repercussions on the health status of individuals throughout their lives [9,10,11,12].
Numerous studies have shown that physical activity provides multiple benefits for adolescents [21,25,31,32], ranging from improved mood and stress levels to better self-perceived health and quality of life [5,28,35,48,49,64,65].
An analysis of various studies assessing the perception of quality of life or performance of physical activity in adolescents shows that 90.9% of adolescents perceive themselves to be in good health [66]. The results of our study, however, are even better, with 97.8% of the students perceiving themselves to be in good to excellent health, and with regard to physical activity, all the participants in the study reported a high or moderate level. Concerning physical activity, 40.8% of adolescents in Spain do not engage in physical activity [67], and only 30–40% of young people are sufficiently active, bearing in mind the recommendations [26]. According to the WHO, around 80% of adolescents have an insufficient level of physical activity [30].
To analyze the different variables according to sex, we can take as a reference various studies that have shown that men are more active than women [67] and that women show worse results in terms of subjective health compared to men of the same age [68]. The results of our study are consistent with those of these previous studies, as the men were more active and perceived themselves to be in better health than the women.
Several studies have also shown that subjects who report greater physical activity perceive themselves to have a better health status, while less-active subjects report greater bodily pain [5,35,48,64,69]. Along the same lines, the results obtained in the present study are similar since those adolescents who performed more physical activity throughout the week had a better health status and better physical function, which implies that they had fewer health limitations when performing different physical activities. Those who were more inactive reported greater bodily pain.
Taking into account intensity as a differentiating parameter of physical activity, interesting relationships were found between engaging in physical activity and the different dimensions of quality of life. Thus, participants who performed more vigorous physical activity showed a better general health status and better physical function, while those with a moderate level of physical activity showed less interference from emotional problems in daily activities, which is in agreement with other studies [5,35,48,64].
A limitation of the study is that the results obtained in the correlation analyses show a weak association, since rho is <0.3, so we must take them with caution, even though they are statistically significant correlations.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, the new findings of the present study are related to the characteristics of the population studied, being a school population of young adults enrolled in studies related to physical activity and sport and who, at a given time, will be future promoters of physical activity. Furthermore, in the future, this could allow us to analyze the existence of a relationship between different levels of physical activity students and the practice of physical activity. On the other hand, we must bear in mind that since this is a case study where normality is not satisfied, there is a certain limit to the generalization of the results obtained.
In this sense, students pursuing intermediate or advanced vocational training qualifications in physical activity and sport were very active, since they had extremely high mean METs, and more than 95% of the subjects evaluated associated their good physical condition with a better perception of their health status and quality of life.
This study has therefore shown physical activity to be beneficial for self-perceived quality of life. Those students who were more physically active reported a better self-perceived health status. In addition, the intensity of the physical activity was related to various perceived quality of life dimensions, including better physical function, emotional role and bodily pain, indicating that students who engaged in more intense physical activity experienced fewer health limitations or emotional problems when performing exercise or carrying out daily activities, while the more sedentary subjects reported greater bodily pain that interfered with their daily activities.
Based on our results, we recommend that adolescents follow the WHO recommendations and engage in physical activity to improve their physical condition, lifestyle and self-perceived quality of life.

Author Contributions

A.T.-P. and J.G.-G. conceived and conceptualized the study. A.T.-P., I.G.-F. and J.C.F.-G. collected and analyzed the data. I.G.-F., A.T.-P. and J.G.-G. conducted the necessary literature reviews and drafted the first manuscript. J.C.F.-G. and J.G.-G. provided critical feedback and helped shape the analysis and manuscript. All authors contributed to the revision and writing of the final draft. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the “Researching in Sport Sciences” research group (CTS-563) of the Andalusian Research Plan.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by Ethics Committee of University of Málaga (protocol code 65-2020-H and date of approval 30 September 2020).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank to Maria Repice, for her help with the English version of this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Unicef Qué es la Adolescencia? Available online: https://www.unicef.org/uruguay/que-es-la-adolescencia (accessed on 25 November 2021).
  2. Sawyer, S.M.; Azzopardi, P.S.; Wickremarathne, D.; Patton, G.C. The age of adolescence. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 2018, 2, 223–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Gaete, V. Desarrollo psicosocial del adolescente. Rev. Chil. Pediatr. 2015, 86, 436–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  4. Pastor, Y.; Balaguer Solá, I.; Benavides Gil, G. Influencia de los dominios del Autoconcepto en la Autoestima de los adolescentes. Rev. Psicol. Soc. Apl. 2002, 3, 97–112. [Google Scholar]
  5. Rosa Guillamón, A.; García Cantó, E.; Carrillo López, P.J. Percepción de salud, actividad física y condición física en escolares. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2018, 18, 179–189. [Google Scholar]
  6. González, J.; Portolés, A. Actividad Física Extraescolar: Relaciones con la Motivación Educativa, Rendimiento Académico y Conductas Asociadas a la Salud. Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Ejerc. Deport. 2014, 9, 51–65. [Google Scholar]
  7. Pullen, C.; Walker, S.N.; Fiandt, K. Determinants of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors in rural older women. Fam. Commun. Health 2001, 24, 49–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Arrivillaga, M.; Salazar, I.C.; Correa, D. Creencias sobre la salud y su relación con las prácticas de riesgo o de protección en jóvenes universitarios. Colomb. Med. 2003, 34, 186–195. [Google Scholar]
  9. Sawyer, S.M.; Afifi, R.A.; Bearinger, L.H.; Blakemore, S.J.; Dick, B.; Ezeh, A.C.; Patton, G.C. Adolescence: A foundation for future health. Lancet 2012, 379, 1630–1640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Dick, B.; Ferguson, B.J. Health for the world’s adolescents: A second chance in the second decade. J. Adolesc. Health 2015, 56, 3–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Pérez López, I.J.; Delgado Fernández, M. Mejora de hábitos saludables en adolescentes desde la Educación Física escolar. Rev. Educ. 2013, 360, 314–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. García Perujo, M.; Carrillo López, P.J. Niveles de actividad física y calidad de la dieta en escolares de Educación Primaria. Rev. Iberoam. Ciencias Act. Física Deport. 2020, 9, 16–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Noriega Borge, M.J.; Jaén Canse, P.; Santamaría Pablos, A.; Amigo Lanza, M.T.; Antolín Guerra, O.; Casuso Ruiz, I.; Micó Díaz, C.; Sobaler Castañeda, S.; Carrasco Martínez, M.; Salcines Medrano, R.; et al. Hábitos sedentarios en adolescentes escolarizados de Cantabria (Sedentary habits among adolescent students of Cantabria). Retos 2015, 27, 3–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Ramos, P.; Jiménez-Iglesias, A.; Rivera, F.; Moreno, C. Evolución de la práctica de la Actividad Física en los adolescentes españoles. Rev. Int. Med. Ciencias Act. Fis. Deport. 2016, 16, 335–353. [Google Scholar]
  15. López-Alonzo, S.J.; Gastélum Cuadras, G.; Islas Guerra, S.A.; Chávez Erives, A.I.; Orona Escápite, A. Relación entre actividad física y obesidad en escolares de primaria del norte de México. Rev. Iberoam. Ciencias Act. Física Deport. 2021, 10, 15–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Polet, J.; Hassandra, M.; Lintunen, T.; Laukkanen, A.; Hankonen, N.; Hirvensalo, M.; Tammelin, T.; Hagger, M.S. Using physical education to promote out-of school physical activity in lower secondary school students—A randomized controlled trial protocol. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Moreno, L.A.; Mesana, M.I.; Fleta, J.; Ruiz, J.R.; González-Gross, M.; Sarría, A.; Marcos, A.; Bueno, M. Overweight, obesity and body fat composition in spanish adolescents: The AVENA study. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2005, 49, 71–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Al-Khudairy, L.; Loveman, E.; Colquitt, J.L.; Mead, E.; Johnson, R.E.; Fraser, H.; Olajide, J.; Murphy, M.; Velho, R.M.; O’Malley, C.; et al. Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017, 6, 344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Rosa-Guillamón, A. Estatus de peso y condición física: Revisión de la literatura científica. Rev. Iberoam. Ciencias Act. Física Deport. 2019, 6, 4850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Spinelli, A.; Buoncristiano, M.; Kovacs, V.A.; Yngve, A.; Spiroski, I.; Obreja, G.; Starc, G.; Pérez, N.; Rito, A.I.; Kunešová, M.; et al. Prevalence of severe obesity among primary school children in 21 European countries. Obes. Facts 2019, 12, 244–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Warburton, D.E.R.; Bredin, S.S.D. Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 2017, 32, 541–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Li, L.; Moosbrugger, M.E. Correlations between physical activity participation and the environment in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis using ecological frameworks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Neil-Sztramko, S.E.; Caldwell, H.; Dobbins, M. School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2021, 9, 360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Gordon, B.R.; McDowell, C.P.; Lyons, M.; Herring, M.P. The Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise Among Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Affect. Disord. 2021, 299, 102–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Warburton, D.E.R.; Bredin, S.S.D. Health benefits of physical activity: A Strengths-Based Approach. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 2044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Ekelund, U.; Tomkinson, G.R.; Armstrong, N. What proportion of youth are physically active? Measurement issues, levels and recent time trends. Br. J. Sports Med. 2011, 45, 859–865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Martinez-Gomez, D.; Ruiz, J.R.; Ortega, F.B.; Veiga, O.L.; Moliner-Urdiales, D.; Mauro, B.; Galfo, M.; Manios, Y.; Widhalm, K.; Bghin, L.; et al. Recommended levels of physical activity to avoid an excess of body fat in European adolescents: The Helena study. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2010, 39, 203–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Strong, W.B.; Malina, R.M.; Blimkie, C.J.R.; Daniels, S.R.; Dishman, R.K.; Gutin, B.; Hergenroeder, A.C.; Must, A.; Nixon, P.A.; Pivarnik, J.M.; et al. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. J. Pediatr. 2005, 146, 732–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. WHO Physical Activity Health Topic. World Health Organ. 2021. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/physical-activity (accessed on 9 December 2021).
  30. World Health Organization Actividad Física. Available online: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity (accessed on 11 December 2021).
  31. Bangsbo, J.; Blackwell, J.; Boraxbekk, C.J.; Caserotti, P.; Dela, F.; Evans, A.B.; Jespersen, A.P.; Gliemann, L.; Kramer, A.F.; Lundbye-Jensen, J.; et al. Copenhagen Consensus statement 2019: Physical activity and ageing. Br. J. Sports Med. 2019, 53, 856–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  32. De Salas, M.M.; Martín-Ramiro, J.J.; Gómez, L.R.; Martínez, D.E.; Soto, J.J.J. Hábitos alimentarios y actividad física en relación con el sobrepeso y la obesidad en España. Rev. Esp. Nutr. Humana Diet. 2016, 20, 224–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  33. Jiménez-Gómez, S.; Sánchez Rojas, I.A.; Castro-Jiménez, L.; Rubiano-Espinosa, O.; Carrillo-Ramírez, C.; Garavito-Peña, F.; Barrera-Cobos, N. Calidad de vida en asistentes a un programa de actividad física en Bogotá, Colombia. Rev. Iberoam. Ciencias Act. Física Deport. 2021, 10, 95–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Gómez-Cabello, A.; Pardos-Mainer, E.; González-Gálvez, N.; Sagarra-Romero, L. Actividad Física y Calidad de Vida en las Personas Mayores: Estudio Piloto PQS. Rev. Iberoam. Ciencias Act. Fis. Deport. 2018, 8, 96–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. Fernandez-Rio, J.; Cecchini, J.A.; Mendez-Gimenez, A.; Mendez-Alonso, D. Adolescents’ competence metaperceptions and self-perceptions, motivation, intention to be physically active and physical activity. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2018, 18, 75–80. [Google Scholar]
  36. Ruiz Castellanos, E.J.; Sánchez Rojas, I.A.; Rincon Herrera, A.D.; Sánchez Hernández, N.D.; Mendoza Romero, D.; Lozano Rueda, S. Niveles de actividad física en adolescentes de Colombia. Rev. Iberoam. Ciencias Act. Física Deport. 2021, 10, 78–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Lindsay Smith, G.; Banting, L.; Eime, R.; O’Sullivan, G.; van Uffelen, J.G.Z. The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Di Liegro, C.M.; Schiera, G.; Proia, P.; Di Liegro, I. Physical Activity and Brain Health. Genes 2019, 10, 720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Castillo, I.; Balaguer, I.; García-Merita, M. Efecto de la práctica de Actividad Física y de la participación deportiva sobre el estilo de vida saludable en la adolescencia en función del género. Rev. Psicol. Deport. 2007, 16, 201–210. [Google Scholar]
  40. Ramos, P.; Rivera, F.; Moreno, C.; Jiménez-Iglesias, A. Análisis de clúster de la actividad física y las conductas sedentarias de los adolescentes españoles, correlación con la salud biopsicosocial. Rev. Psicol. Deport. 2012, 21, 99–106. [Google Scholar]
  41. Rodríguez-León, D.L.; Garzón-Molina, N.M. Comparación de las intervenciones en actividad física en Brasily Colombia, desde la promoción de la salud. Rev. Fac. Med. 2013, 61, 449–458. [Google Scholar]
  42. Jiménez, M.G.; Martínez, P.; Miró, E.; Sánchez, A.I. Bienestar psicológico y hábitos saludables: ¿Están asociados a la prática de ejercicio físico? Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2008, 8, 185–202. [Google Scholar]
  43. Gálvez Casas, A.; Rodríguez-García, P.; Velandrino Nicolás, A. Influencia de determinados motivos de práctica físico-deportiva sobre los niveles de actividad física habitual en adolescentes. Cuad. Psicol. Deport. 2007, 7, 71–84. [Google Scholar]
  44. Granger, E.; Williams, G.; Di Nardo, F.; Harrison, A.; Verma, A. The relationship between physical activity and self-rated health status in European adolescents: Results of the EURO-URHIS 2 survey. Eur. J. Public Health 2017, 27, 107–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. León-Prados, J.A.; Fuentes, I.; González-Jurado, J.A.; Fernández, A.; Costa, E.; Ramos, A.M. Actividad física y salud percibida en un sector de la población sevilla; estudio piloto. Rev. Int. Med. Ciencias Act. Fis. Deport. 2011, 11, 164–180. [Google Scholar]
  46. Bermejo-Cantarero, A.; Álvarez-Bueno, C.; Martínez-Vizcaino, V.; Redondo-Tébar, A.; Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D.P.; Sánchez-López, M. Relationship between both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2021, 19, 115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Reigal, R.; Videra, A.; Parra, J.; Juárez, R. Actividad físico deportiva, autoconcepto físico y bienestar psicológico en la adolescencia. Retos Nuevas Tendencias Educ. Fís. Deport. Recreac. 2012, 22, 19–23. [Google Scholar]
  48. Arruza, J.A.; Arribas, S.; Gil de Montes, L.; Irazusta, S.; Romero, S.; Cecchini, J.A. Repercusiones de la duracion de la actividad físico-deportiva sobre el bienestar psicologico. Rev. Int. Med. Ciencias Act. Fis. Deport. 2008, 8, 171–183. [Google Scholar]
  49. Pastor, Y.; Balaguer, I.; García-Merita, M. Relaciones entre el autoconcepto y el estilo de vida saludable en la adolescencia media: Un modelo exploratorio. Psicothema 2006, 18, 18–24. [Google Scholar]
  50. Rodríguez-Hernández, A.; de la Cruz-Sánchez, E.; Feu, S.; Martínez-Santos, R. Sedentarismo, obesidad y salud mental en la población española de 4 a 15 años de edad. Rev. Esp. Salud Públ. 2011, 4, 373–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Gallego Sánchez- Noriega Influencia del Peso y el Nivel de Actividad Física en la Calidad de Vida deEstudiantes Universitarios. Rev. Iberoam. Ciencias Act. Fis. Deport. 2015, 4, 18.
  52. Del Pozo-Cruz, J.; Rodríguez-Bies, E.; del Pozo-Cruz, B.; Navas, P.; López-Lluch, G. Actividad Física y Diferencias por Sexo en la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud en Diferentes Dimensiones de los Cuestionarios SF36 y EQ-5D; Universidad Pablo de Olavide: Sevilla, Spain, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  53. Garcia Canto, E.; Rosa Guillamon, A.; Nieto López, L. Nivel de actividad física, consumo habitual de tabaco y alcohol, y su relación con la calidad de vida en adolescentes españoles. Retos 2021, 2041, 112–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Barbosa Granados, S.; Urrea Cuéllar, Á. Influencia del deporte y la actividad física en el estado de salud físico y mental: Una revisión bibliográfica. Katharsis Rev. Ciencias Soc. 2018, 25, 141–160. [Google Scholar]
  55. Manterola, C.; Otzen, T. Estudios Observacionales. Los Diseños Utilizados con Mayor Frecuencia en Investigación Clínica. Int. J. Morphol. 2014, 32, 634–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  56. Harriss, D.; Macsween, A.; Atkinson, G. Standards for Ethics in Sport and Exercise Science Research. Int. J. Sports Med. 2017, 38, 1126–1131. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  57. Ebihara, A. World medical association declaration of Helsinki. Jap. Pharmacol. Ther. 2000, 28, 983–986. [Google Scholar]
  58. Barrera, R. Cuestionario Internacional de actividad física (IPAQ). Rev. Enfermer. Trab. 2017, 7, 49–54. [Google Scholar]
  59. Mantilla Toloza, S.C.; Gómez-Conesa, A. El Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física. Un instrumento adecuado en el seguimiento de la actividad física poblacional. Rev. Iberoam. Fisioter. Kinesiol. 2007, 10, 48–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Alonso, J. Versión española de SF-36v2TM Health Survey © 1996, 2000 adaptada por J. Alonso y cols 2003. Health Surv. 2003, 20, 18. [Google Scholar]
  61. Roman-Viñas, B.; Serra-Majem, L.; Hagströmer, M.; Ribas-Barba, L.; Sjöström, M.; Segura-Cardona, R. International physical activity questionnaire: Reliability and validity in a Spanish population. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2010, 10, 297–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Vilagut, G.; Ferrer, M.; Rajmil, L.; Rebollo, P.; Permanyer-Miralda, G.; Quintana, J.M.; Santed, R.; Valderas, J.M.; Ribera, A.; Domingo-Salvany, A.; et al. The Spanish version of the Short Form 36 Health Survey: A decade of experience and new developments. Gac. Sanit. 2005, 19, 135–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  63. Ruiz de Velasco, I.; Quintana, J.M.; Padierna, J.A.; Aroástegui, I.; Bernal, A.; Párez-Izquierdo, J.; Ojanguren, J.M.; Anitua, C.; Gonzaález, N.; Etxeberria, Y. Validez del cuestionario de calidad de vida SF-36 como indicador de resultados de procedimientos mádicos y quiruárgicos. Rev. Calid. Asist. 2002, 17, 206–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Ortega, F.B.; Ruiz, J.R.; Castillo, M.J. Actividad física, condición física y sobrepeso en niños y adolescentes: Evidencia procedente de estudios epidemiológicos. Endocrinol. Nutr. 2013, 6, 458–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Dwyer, T.; Sallis, J.F.; Blizzard, L.; Lazarus, R.; Dean, K. Relation of academic performance to physical activity and fitness in children. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2001, 13, 225–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Moreno, C.; Ramos, P.; Rivera, F.; Muñoz-Tinoco, V.; Sánchez-Quejía, I.; Granado, M.C.; Jiménez-Iglesias, A. Desarrollo adolescente y salud en España. Resumen del Estudio Health Behaviour in School Aged Children (2006). Minist. Sanid. Política Soc. Igualdad. Gob. España 2011, 1, 127. [Google Scholar]
  67. Vicente-Rodríguez, G.; Rey-López, J.P.; Martín-Matillas, M.; Moreno, L.A.; Wärnberg, J.; Redondo, C.; Tercedor, P.; Delgado, M.; Marcos, A.; Castillo, M.; et al. Television watching, videogames, and excess of body fat in Spanish adolescents: The AVENA study. Nutrition 2008, 24, 654–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  68. Videra-García, A.; Reigal-Garrido, R. Autoconcepto físico, percepción de salud y satisfacción vital en una muestra de adolescentes. An. Psicol. 2013, 29, 141–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  69. Ramírez-Vélez, R.; Silva-Moreno, C.; Correa-Bautista, J.E.; González-Ruíz, K.; Prieto-Benavides, D.H.; Villa-González, E.; García-Hermoso, A. Self-rated health status and cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of schoolchildren from Bogotá, Colombia. The FUPRECOL study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Ijerph 19 01598 g001 550
Figure 1. Relationship between vigorous physical activity and general perceived health.
Figure 1. Relationship between vigorous physical activity and general perceived health.
Ijerph 19 01598 g001
Ijerph 19 01598 g002 550
Figure 2. Relationship between total physical activity and the physical function dimension.
Figure 2. Relationship between total physical activity and the physical function dimension.
Ijerph 19 01598 g002
Ijerph 19 01598 g003 550
Figure 3. Relationship between moderate physical activity and the emotional role dimension.
Figure 3. Relationship between moderate physical activity and the emotional role dimension.
Ijerph 19 01598 g003
Ijerph 19 01598 g004 550
Figure 4. Relationship between sedentary activity and bodily pain.
Figure 4. Relationship between sedentary activity and bodily pain.
Ijerph 19 01598 g004
Ijerph 19 01598 g005 550
Figure 5. Relationship between total physical activity and general perceived health.
Figure 5. Relationship between total physical activity and general perceived health.
Ijerph 19 01598 g005
Table
Table 1. Characteristics of the sample.
Table 1. Characteristics of the sample.
Age (Years)18.56 ± 1.88
Sex (%)Men73.3
Women26.7
Degree (%)Intermediate vocational training41.9
1st year of advanced vocational training30.2
2nd year of advanced vocational training27.9
Table
Table 2. Descriptive analysis of the study variables.
Table 2. Descriptive analysis of the study variables.
VariablesResults
General (n = 86)Women (n = 23)Men (n = 63)
IPAQ Walking (METs)2013.8 ± 1951.42234.0 ± 2193.81933.5 ± 1867.7
IPAQ Moderate (METs)1300.7 ± 1284.71093.0 ± 1325.41376.6 ± 1271.8
IPAQ Vigorous (METs)3833.0 ± 3060.963240.0 ± 2309.14049.5 ± 3282.4
IPAQ Total (METs)7147.6 ± 4282.76567.0 ± 3346.47359.6 ± 4582.7
IPAQ Sedentary (METs)304.8 ± 181.2279.1 ± 160.9314.2 ± 188.5
Physical Function (Pts)95.9 ± 6.295.43 ± 6.796.0 ± 6.1
Physical Role (Pts)76.7 ± 29.273.9 ± 30.677.8 ± 28.8
Bodily Pain (Pts)75.2 ± 18.473.1 ± 21.476.0 ± 17.2
General Perceived Health (Pts)73.1 ± 13.870.0 ± 11.174.3 ± 14.6
Vitality (Pts)65.1 ± 15.161.1 ± 18.466.6 ± 13.6
Social Functioning (Pts)83.9 ± 21.073.9 ± 23.287.5 ± 19.1
Emotional Role (Pts)75.6 ± 35.950.7 ± 41.384.7 ± 29.2
Mental Health (Pts)70.8 ± 17.061.9 ± 17.074.1 ± 15.9
METs = Metabolic Equivalents of Task; Pts = points.
Table
Table 3. Comparison of means of physical activity according to sex and physical activity levels (moderate or vigorous).
Table 3. Comparison of means of physical activity according to sex and physical activity levels (moderate or vigorous).
Physical Activity LevelsTotal Metsp-ValueEffect Size
GENERAL (n = 86)MODERATE (n = 8)2082.0 ± 630.98p = 0.001.40
VIGOROUS (n = 78)7667.2 ± 4155.9
WOMEN (n = 23)MODERATE (n = 2) 2433.0 ± 84.9p = 0.001.43
VIGOROUS (n = 21)6960.7 ± 3232.1
MEN (n = 63)MODERATE (n = 6)1965.0 ± 700.2p = 0.001.39
VIGOROUS (n = 57)7927.4 ± 4445.4
Table
Table 4. Correlations between the physical activity variables and perception of quality of life (Spearman’s rho).
Table 4. Correlations between the physical activity variables and perception of quality of life (Spearman’s rho).
PFPRBPGPHVSFERMH
IPAQ Moderate (METs)Correlation coefficient0.085−0.0190.154−0.0230.0270.0160.237 *0.131
Sig. (bilateral)0.4380.8630.1570.8310.8070.8860.0280.228
IPAQ Vigorous (METs)Correlation coefficient0.252 *−0.0060.0920.343 **0.031−0.0220.0550.037
Sig. (bilateral)0.0190.9530.4010.0010.7780.8370.6170.735
IPAQ Total (METs)Correlation coefficient0.256 *−0.0110.1070.2090.015−0.0400.110−0.017
Sig. (bilateral)0,0180.9210.3280.0530.8940.7140.3140.874
IPAQ Sedentary (METs)Correlation coefficient−0.0450.009−0.223 *−0.100−0.0960.006−0.0510.008
Sig. (bilateral)0.6820.9320.0390.3590.3790.9580.6380.942
METs = Metabolic Equivalents of Task; PF = Physical Function; PR = Physical Role; BP = Bodily Pain; GPH = General Perceived Health; V = Vitality; SF = Social Function; ER = Emotional Role; MH = Mental Health; * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.001.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gavala-González, J.; Torres-Perez, A.; Gálvez-Fernández, I.; Fernández-García, J.C. Lifestyle and Self-Perceived Quality of Life in Sports Students: A Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031598

AMA Style

Gavala-González J, Torres-Perez A, Gálvez-Fernández I, Fernández-García JC. Lifestyle and Self-Perceived Quality of Life in Sports Students: A Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031598

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gavala-González, Juan, Amanda Torres-Perez, Ismael Gálvez-Fernández, and José Carlos Fernández-García. 2022. "Lifestyle and Self-Perceived Quality of Life in Sports Students: A Case Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031598

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop