Resilience Is Associated with Less Eating Disorder Symptoms in the NutriNet-Santé Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Design
2.2. Assessment of Resilience
2.3. Assessment of Eating Disorder (ED) Symptoms
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Association between Resilience and EDs
3.3. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Level of Resilience According to Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Characteristics
4.2. Association between Resilience and Eating Disorders
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5TM, 5th ed.; American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.: Arlington, VA, USA, 2013; 947p.
- Galmiche, M.; Déchelotte, P.; Lambert, G.; Tavolacci, M.P. Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000–2018 pe-riod: A systematic literature review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2019, 109, 1402–1413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hudson, J.I.; Hiripi, E.; Pope, H.G.; Kessler, R.C. The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61, 348–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Austin, A.; Flynn, M.; Richards, K.; Hodsoll, J.; Duarte, T.A.; Robinson, P.; Kelly, J.; Schmidt, U. Duration of untreated eating disorder and relationship to outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 2021, 29, 329–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robinson, L.; Aldridge, V.; Clark, E.M.; Misra, M.; Micali, N. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the associa-tion between eating disorders and bone density. Osteoporos Int. 2016, 27, 1953–1966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’brien, K.M.; Whelan, D.R.; Sandler, D.P.; Hall, J.; Weinberg, C. Predictors and long-term health outcomes of eating disorders. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0181104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Presnell, K.; Stice, E.; Seidel, A.; Madeley, M.C. Depression and eating pathology: Prospective reciprocal relations in adolescents. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 2009, 16, 357–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zerwas, S.; Larsen, J.T.; Petersen, L.V.; Thornton, L.M.; Mortensen, P.B.; Bulik, C.M. The incidence of eating disorders in a Danish register study: Associations with suicide risk and mortality. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2015, 65, 16–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yao, S.; Kuja-Halkola, R.; Thornton, L.M.; Runfola, C.D.; D’Onofrio, B.M.; Almqvist, C. Familial Liability for Eat-ing Disorders and Suicide Attempts: Evidence from a Population Registry in Sweden. JAMA Psychiatry 2016, 73, 284–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Smink, F.R.E.; van Hoeken, D.; Hoek, H.W. Epidemiology of Eating Disorders: Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality Rates. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2012, 14, 406–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Polivy, J.; Herman, C.P. Causes of Eating Disorders. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2002, 53, 187–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Keel, P.K.; Forney, K. Psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2013, 46, 433–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seligman, M.E.P.; Csikszentmihalyi, M. Positive psychology: An introduction. Am. Psychol. 2000, 55, 5–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steck, E.L.; Abrams, L.M.; Phelps, L. Positive psychology in the prevention of eating disorders. Psychol. Sch. 2004, 41, 111–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- American Psychological Association (APA) Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research; APA Council of Representatives; Office of Research Ethics: Washington, DC, USA, 2012; Available online: http://www.apa.org (accessed on 3 September 2021).
- Crump, C.; Sundquist, J.; Winkleby, M.A.; Sundquist, K. Stress resilience and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in 1.5 million young men. Diabetologia 2016, 59, 728–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bergh, C.; Udumyan, R.; Fall, K.; Almroth, H.; Montgomery, S. Stress resilience and physical fitness in adolescence and risk of coronary heart disease in middle age. Heart 2015, 101, 623–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bergh, C.; Udumyan, R.; Fall, K.; Nilsagård, Y.; Appelros, P.; Montgomery, S. Stress resilience in male adolescents and subsequent stroke risk: Cohort study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2014, 85, 1331–1336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kennedy, B.; Fang, F.; Valdimarsdottir, U.; Udumyan, R.; Montgomery, S.; Fall, K. Stress resilience and cancer risk: A nationwide cohort study. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2017, 71, 947–953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elliott, A.M.; Burton, C.D.; Hannaford, P.C. Resilience does matter: Evidence from a 10-year cohort record linkage study. BMJ Open 2014, 4, e003917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Labrague, L.J.; los Santos, J.A.A.D. COVID-19 anxiety among front-line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. J. Nurs. Manag. 2020, 28, 1653–1661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luceño-Moreno, L.; Talavera-Velasco, B.; García-Albuerne, Y.; Martín-García, J. Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Levels of Resilience and Burnout in Spanish Health Personnel during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Y.; Yu, W.; Wu, X.; Wan, H.; Wang, Y.; Lu, G. Psychological resilience and positive coping styles among Chinese undergraduate students: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol. 2020, 8, 79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Campbell-Sills, L.; Cohan, S.L.; Stein, M.B. Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behav. Res. Ther. 2006, 44, 585–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McGrath, R.J.; Wiggin, J.; Caron, R.M. The Relationship between Resilience and Body Image in College Women. Internet J. Health 2009. Available online: https://ispub.com/IJH/10/2/5971 (accessed on 28 May 2021).
- Choate, L.H. Toward a Theoretical Model of Women’s Body Image Resilience. J. Couns. Dev. 2005, 83, 320–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsigkaropoulou, E.; Ferentinos, P.; Karavia, A.; Gournellis, R.; Gonidakis, F.; Liappas, I.; Douzenis, A.; Michopoulos, I. Personality dimensions could explain resilience in patients with eating disorders. Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorexia Bulim. Obes. 2021, 26, 1139–1147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Las Hayas, C.; Calvete, E.; Gómez del Barrio, A.; Beato, L.; Muñoz, P.; Padierna, J.Á. Resilience Scale-25 Spanish ver-sion: Validation and assessment in eating disorders. Eat. Behav. 2014, 15, 460–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thurston, I.B.; Hardin, R.; Kamody, R.C.; Herbozo, S.; Kaufman, C. The moderating role of resilience on the relation-ship between perceived stress and binge eating symptoms among young adult women. Eat. Behav. 2018, 29, 114–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, S.L.; Schiraldi, G.R.; Wrobleski, P.P. Association of Eating Behaviors and Obesity with Psychosocial and Familial Influences. Am. J. Health Educ. 2009, 40, 80–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- De Vos, J.A.; LaMarre, A.; Radstaak, M.; Bijkerk, C.A.; Bohlmeijer, E.T.; Westerhof, G.J. Identifying fundamental criteria for eating disorder recovery: A systematic review and qualitative meta-analysis. J. Eat Disord. 2017, 5, 34. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664841/ (accessed on 17 May 2021). [CrossRef]
- Calvete, E.; Hayas, C.L.; del Barrio, A.G. Longitudinal associations between resilience and quality of life in eating disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2018, 259, 470–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paxton, S.J.; Eisenberg, M.E.; Neumark-Sztainer, D. Prospective predictors of body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys: A five-year longitudinal study. Dev. Psychol. 2006, 42, 888–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marcos, Y.Q.; Sebastián, M.Q.; Pamies-Aubalat, L.; Ausina, J.B.; Treasure, J. Peer and family influence in eating disorders: A meta-analysis. Eur. Psychiatry 2012, 28, 199–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Le, L.K.-D.; Barendregt, J.J.; Hay, P.; Mihalopoulos, C. Prevention of eating disorders: A systematic review and me-ta-analysis. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2017, 53, 46–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Andreeva, V.A.; Tavolacci, M.-P.; Galan, P.; Ladner, J.; Buscail, C.; Péneau, S.; Galmiche, M.; Hercberg, S.; Déchelotte, P.; Julia, C. Sociodemographic correlates of eating disorder subtypes among men and women in France, with a focus on age. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2018, 73, 56–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mangweth-Matzek, B.; Hoek, H.W.; Rupp, C.I.; Lackner-Seifert, K.; Frey, N.; Whitworth, A.B.; Harrison, G.P.; Kinzl, J. Prevalence of eating disorders in middle-aged women. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2014, 47, 320–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Micali, N.; Martini, M.G.; Thomas, J.J.; Eddy, K.T.; Kothari, R.; Russell, E.; Bulik, C.M.; Treasure, J. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of eating disorders amongst women in mid-life: A population-based study of diagnoses and risk factors. BMC Med. 2017, 15, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hercberg, S.; Castetbon, K.; Czernichow, S.; Malon, A.; Mejean, C.; Kesse, E.; Touvier, M.; Galan, P. The Nutrinet-Santé Study: A web-based prospective study on the relationship between nutrition and health and determinants of dietary patterns and nutritional status. BMC Public Health 2010, 10, 242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, B.W.; Dalen, J.; Wiggins, K.; Tooley, E.; Christopher, P.; Bernard, J. The brief resilience scale: Assessing the abil-ity to bounce back. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2008, 15, 194–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia, F.D.; Grigioni, S.; Chelali, S.; Meyrignac, G.; Thibaut, F.; Déchelotte, P. Validation of the French version of SCOFF questionnaire for screening of eating disorders among adults. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2010, 11, 888–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, J.F.; Reid, F.; Lacey, J.H. The SCOFF questionnaire: Assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. BMJ 1999, 319, 1467–1468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Botella, J.; Sepúlveda, A.R.; Huang, H.; Gambara, H. A Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Accuracy of the SCOFF. Span. J. Psychol. 2013, 16, E92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tavolacci, M.-P.; Gillibert, A.; Soubise, A.Z.; Grigioni, S.; Déchelotte, P. Screening four broad categories of eating disorders: Suitability of a clinical algorithm adapted from the SCOFF questionnaire. BMC Psychiatry 2019, 19, 366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Touvier, M.; Méjean, C.; Kesse-Guyot, E.; Pollet, C.; Malon, A.; Castetbon, K.; Hercberg, S. Comparison between web-based and paper versions of a self-administered anthropometric questionnaire. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2010, 25, 287–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lassale, C.; Péneau, S.; Touvier, M.; Julia, C.; Galan, P.; Hercberg, S.; Kesse-Guyot, E. Validity of Web-Based Self-Reported Weight and Height: Results of the Nutrinet-Santé Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2013, 15, e152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- WHO. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic Report of a WHO Consultation; WHO Technical Report Series 894; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- INSEE (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques). Available online: https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1802. (accessed on 23 June 2019).
- Craig, C.L.; Marshall, A.L.; Sjöström, M.; Bauman, A.E.; Booth, M.L.; Ainsworth, B.E.; Pratt, M.; Ekelund, U.; Yngve, A.; Sallis, J.F. International physical activ-ity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2003, 35, 1381–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Whatnall, M.C.; Patterson, A.J.; Siew, Y.Y.; Kay-Lambkin, F.; Hutchesson, M.J. Are Psychological Distress and Resili-ence Associated with Dietary Intake Among Australian University Students? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 21, 4099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brien, N.O.; Lawlor, M.; Chambers, F.; Breslin, G.; Brien, W.O. Levels of wellbeing, resilience, and physical activity amongst Irish pre-service teachers: A baseline study. Ir. Educ. Stud. 2019, 39, 389–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez-Rey, R.; Alonso-Tapia, J.; Hernansaiz-Garrido, H. Reliability and validity of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) Spanish Version. Psychol. Assess. 2016, 28, e101–e110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, B.W.; Tooley, E.M.; Christopher, P.J.; Kay, V.S. Resilience as the ability to bounce back from stress: A neglected personal resource? J. Posit. Psychol. 2010, 5, 166–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell-Sills, L.; Forde, D.R.; Stein, M.B. Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2009, 43, 1007–1012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leys, C.; Kotsou, I.; Goemanne, M.; Fossion, P. The Influence of Family Dynamics on Eating Disorders and Their Consequence on Resilience: A Mediation Model. Am. J. Fam. Ther. 2017, 45, 123–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, J.L.; Schmidt, L.A.; Vaillancourt, T.; McDougall, P.; Laliberte, M. Neuroticism and introversion: A risky com-bination for disordered eating among a non-clinical sample of undergraduate women. Eat Behav. 2006, 7, 69–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barzilay, R.; Moore, T.M.; Greenberg, D.M.; DiDomenico, G.E.; Brown, L.A.; White, L.K.; Gur, R.C.; Gur, R.E. Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers. Transl. Psychiatry 2020, 10, 291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keel, P.K.; Forney, K.J.; Brown, T.A.; Heatherton, T.F. Influence of college peers on disordered eating in women and men at 10-year follow-up. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2013, 122, 105–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Eisenberg, M.E.; Neumark-Sztainer, D. Friends’ Dieting and Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Adolescents Five Years Later: Findings from Project EAT. J. Adolesc. Health 2010, 47, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zalta, A.K.; Keel, P.K. Peer influence on bulimic symptoms in college students. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2006, 115, 185–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lazarsfeld, P.F.; Merton, R.K. Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis. Freedom Control Mod. Soc. 1954, 18, 18–66. [Google Scholar]
- Ozbay, F.; Johnson, D.C.; Dimoulas, E.; A Morgan, C.; Charney, D.; Southwick, S. Social support and resilience to stress: From neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry 2007, 4, 35–40. [Google Scholar]
- Mitchison, D.; Dawson, L.; Hand, L.; Mond, J.; Hay, P. Quality of life as a vulnerability and recovery factor in eating disorders: A community-based study. BMC Psychiatry 2016, 16, 328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Southwick, S.M.; Pietrzak, R.H.; White, G. Interventions to enhance resilience and resilience-related constructs in adults. In Resilience and Mental Health: Challenges Across the Lifespan; Litz, B.T., Charney, D., Friedman, M.J., Southwick, S.M., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2011; pp. 289–306. Available online: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/resilience-and-mental-health/interventions-to-enhance-resilience-and-resiliencerelated-constructs-in-adults/58007A87653BE7886A084120C7666D73 (accessed on 8 October 2021).
- Sood, A.; Sharma, V.; Schroeder, D.R.; Gorman, B. Stress Management and Resiliency Training (SMART) Program among Department of Radiology Faculty: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Explore 2014, 10, 358–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loprinzi, C.E.; Prasad, K.; Schroeder, D.R.; Sood, A. Stress Management and Resilience Training (SMART) Program to Decrease Stress and Enhance Resilience Among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin. Breast Cancer 2011, 11, 364–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Andreeva, V.A.; Deschamps, V.; Salanave, B.; Castetbon, K.; Verdot, C.; Kesse-Guyot, E.; Hecberg, K. Comparison of Dietary Intakes Between a Large Online Cohort Study (Etude NutriNet-Santé) and a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study (Etude Nationale Nutrition Santé) in France: Addressing the Issue of Generalizability in E-Epidemiology. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2016, 184, 660–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Solmi, F.; Hatch, S.L.; Hotopf, M.; Treasure, J.; Micali, N. Validation of the SCOFF Questionnaire for Eating Disorders in a Multiethnic General Population Sample. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2014, 48, 312–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Richter, F.; Strauss, B.; Braehler, E.; Adametz, L.; Berger, U. Screening disordered eating in a representative sample of the German population: Usefulness and psychometric properties of the German SCOFF questionnaire. Eat. Behav. 2017, 25, 81–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deschasaux-Tanguy, M.; Druesne-Pecollo, N.; Esseddik, Y.; de Edelenyi, F.S.; Allès, B.; Andreeva, V.A.; Baudry, J.; Charreire, H.; Deschamps, V.; Egnell, M.; et al. Diet and physical activity during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown (March–May 2020): Results from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2021, 113, 924–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuhrer, R.; Rouillon, F. La version française de l’échelle CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale). Description et traduction de l’échelle d’autoévaluation. Psychiatr. Psychobiol. 1989, 4, 163–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
All (N = 25,000) | Resilience (BRS) 2 | p Value 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Full sample | 3.33 ± 0.69 4 | ||
Age (years) | 55.01 ± 13.56 | 0.10 (0.09, 0.11) 5 | <0.0001 |
Sex (%) | 0.044 | ||
Men | 25.72 | 3.49 ± 0.67 | |
Women | 74.28 | 3.28 ± 0.68 | |
Educational level (%) | 0.0035 | ||
Primary | 1.94 | 3.38 ± 0.70 | |
Secondary | 28.09 | 3.34 ± 0.69 | |
Undergraduate | 31.76 | 3.31 ± 0.69 | |
Postgraduate | 37.42 | 3.35 ± 0.67 | |
Missing data | 0.79 | ||
Occupational status (%) | <0.0001 | ||
Unemployed | 8.14 | 3.18 ± 0.76 | |
Student | 0.82 | 3.09 ± 0.71 | |
Self-employed, farmer | 1.71 | 3.51 ± 0.68 | |
Employee, manual worker | 12.48 | 3.21 ± 0.71 | |
Intermediate professions | 14.42 | 3.28 ± 0.67 | |
Managerial staff, intellectual professions | 23.04 | 3.38 ± 0.67 | |
Retired | 37.59 | 3.40 ± 0.66 | |
Missing data | 1.80 | ||
Equivalized monthly household income (%) | <0.0001 | ||
<1200€ | 8.58 | 3.23 ± 0.74 | |
1200–1799€ | 18.82 | 3.31 ± 0.70 | |
1800–2699€ | 25.50 | 3.34 ± 0.68 | |
≥2700€ | 33.60 | 3.41 ± 0.66 | |
Unwilling to answer | 11.29 | 3.26 ± 0.68 | |
Missing data | 2.21 | ||
Family situation | <0.0001 | ||
Living alone without children | 10.97 | 3.18 ± 0.72 | |
Living alone with children | 14.30 | 3.39 ± 0.71 | |
Living in a couple without children | 11.06 | 3.27 ± 0.69 | |
Living in a couple with children | 63.24 | 3.36 ± 0.67 | |
Missing data | 0.43 | ||
Smoking (%) | <0.0001 | ||
Current smoker | 9.63 | 3.37 ± 0.69 | |
Former smoker | 39.34 | 3.37 ± 0.68 | |
Never smoker | 50.62 | 3.3 ± 0.69 | |
Missing data | 0.41 | ||
Physical activity (%) | <0.0001 | ||
Low | 21.60 | 3.24 ± 0.71 | |
Moderate | 39.99 | 3.3 ± 0.67 | |
High | 38.25 | 3.42 ± 0.67 | |
Missing data | 0.17 | ||
BMI (2017) (%) | <0.0001 | ||
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 4.15 | 3.19 ± 0.69 | |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 62.03 | 3.33 ± 0.67 | |
Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 24.80 | 3.38 ± 0.69 | |
Obesity class I (30–34.9 kg/m2) | 6.54 | 3.33 ± 0.75 | |
Obesity class II (35–39.9 kg/m2) | 1.85 | 3.25 ± 0.79 | |
Obesity class III (≥40 kg/m2) | 0.62 | 3.18 ± 0.77 | |
BMI (2020) (%) | <0.0001 | ||
Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 4.42 | 3.17 ± 0.7 | |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 60.37 | 3.33 ± 0.67 | |
Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 25.11 | 3.37 ± 0.69 | |
Obesity class I (30–34.9 kg/m2) | 7.32 | 3.30 ± 0.74 | |
Obesity class II (35–39.9 kg/m2) | 1.99 | 3.26 ± 0.80 | |
Obesity class III (≥40 kg/m2) | 0.79 | 3.18 ± 0.80 | |
Eating disorders (2017) (%) 6,7 | <0.0001 | ||
No | 90.95 | 3.36 ± 0.67 | |
Yes | 9.05 | 3.06 ± 0.74 | |
Categories of eating disorders (2017) (%) 6,7 | <0.0001 | ||
No eating disorders | 90.95 | 3.36 ± 0.67 | |
Restrictive disorders | 0.68 | 2.98 ± 0.71 | |
Bulimic disorders | 2.30 | 3.02 ± 0.71 | |
Hyperphagic disorders | 4.82 | 3.06 ± 0.76 | |
Other type of eating disorders | 1.25 | 3.18 ± 0.73 | |
Eating disorders (2020) (%) 6 | <0.0001 | ||
No | 92.40 | 3.36 ± 0.68 | |
Yes | 7.60 | 3.06 ± 0.72 | |
Categories of eating disorders (2020) (%) 6,7 | <0.0001 | ||
No eating disorders | 92.40 | 3.36 ± 0.68 | |
Restrictive disorders | 0.51 | 2.98 ± 0.72 | |
Bulimic disorders | 1.94 | 3.02 ± 0.71 | |
Hyperphagic disorders | 3.79 | 3.05 ± 0.74 | |
Other type of eating disorders | 1.35 | 3.15 ± 0.68 | |
Eating disorders (2017 and 2020) 6 | <0.0001 | ||
No eating disorders (2017: no ED, 2020: no ED) | 85.72 | 3.37 ± 0.67 | |
Incident (2017: no ED, 2020: ED) | 4.08 | 3.16 ± 0.69 | |
Persistent (2017: ED, 2020: ED) | 4.68 | 2.94 ± 0.74 | |
Recovery (2017: ED, 2020: no ED) | 5.52 | 3.14 ± 0.72 | |
Intermittent (incident or recovery) | 9.60 | 3.13 ± 0.73 |
Model 1 2 | Model 2 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience OR (95% CI) | p4 | Resilience OR (95% CI) | p4 | |
Eating disorders 5 | ||||
No (N = 22,737) | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes (N = 2263) | 0.53 (0.5, 0.56) | <0.0001 | 0.58 (0.55, 0.62) | <0.0001 |
Categories of Eating Disorders 5,6 | ||||
No eating disorder (N = 22,737) | Ref | Ref | ||
Restrictive disorders (N = 170) | 0.45 (0.36, 0.55) | <0.0001 | 0.53 (0.43, 0.66) | <0.0001 |
Bulimic disorders (N = 575) | 0.49 (0.43, 0.55) | <0.0001 | 0.56 (0.49, 0.63) | <0.0001 |
Hyperphagic disorders (N = 1206) | 0.52 (0.48, 0.57) | <0.0001 | 0.57 (0.52, 0.62) | <0.0001 |
Other eating disorders (N = 312) | 0.68 (0.58, 0.8) | <0.0001 | 0.73 (0.62, 0.86) | 0.0002 |
Model 1 2 | Model 2 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience OR (95% CI) | p4 | Resilience OR (95% CI) | p4 | |
Eating disorders 5 | ||||
No eating disorder (N = 21,703) | Ref | Ref | ||
Incident (N = 1034) | 0.63 (0.57, 0.69) | <0.0001 | 0.68 (0.62, 0.74) | <0.0001 |
Persistent (N = 866) | 0.40 (0.36, 0.44) | <0.0001 | 0.46 (0.42, 0.51) | <0.0001 |
Intermittent (N = 2431) | 0.61 (0.58, 0.65) | <0.0001 | 0.66 (0.62, 0.71) | <0.0001 |
Category of eating disorder 5,6 | ||||
No eating disorders (N = 21,703) | Ref | Ref | ||
Restrictive disorders | ||||
Incident 7 (N = 50) | 0.58 (0.39, 0.87) | 0.0091 | 0.72 (0.47, 1.08) | 0.11 |
Persistent 8 (N = 78) | 0.36 (0.26, 0.49) | <0.0001 | 0.44 (0.32, 0.61) | <0.0001 |
Intermittent 9 (N = 142) | 0.54 (0.43, 0.68) | <0.0001 | 0.63 (0.50, 0.81) | 0.0002 |
Bulimic disorders | ||||
Incident 7 (N = 230) | 0.64 (0.53, 0.77) | <0.0001 | 0.71 (0.58, 0.86) | 0.0004 |
Persistent 8 (N = 256) | 0.36 (0.30, 0.43) | <0.0001 | 0.41 (0.34, 0.49) | <0.0001 |
Intermittent 9 (N = 549) | 0.62 (0.55, 0.70) | <0.0001 | 0.69 (0.61, 0.78) | <0.0001 |
Hyperphagic disorders | ||||
Incident 7 (N = 480) | 0.63 (0.55, 0.72) | <0.0001 | 0.68 (0.59, 0.77) | <0.0001 |
Persistent 8 (N = 468) | 0.41 (0.36, 0.46) | <0.0001 | 0.46 (0.40, 0.52) | <0.0001 |
Intermittent 9 (N = 1218) | 0.61 (0.56, 0.66) | <0.0001 | 0.65 (0.59, 0.71) | <0.0001 |
Other eating disorders | ||||
Incident 7 (N = 274) | 0.61 (0.51, 0.73) | <0.0001 | 0.65 (0.54, 0.77) | <0.0001 |
Persistent 8 (N = 64) | 0.67 (0.47, 0.96) | 0.03 | 0.75 (0.52, 1.07) | 0.11 |
Intermittent 9 (N = 522) | 0.64 (0.56, 0.72) | <0.0001 | 0.67 (0.59, 0.76) | <0.0001 |
Model 1 2 | Model 2 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience OR (95% CI) | p4 | Resilience OR (95% CI) | p4 | |
Eating disorders 5 | ||||
Recovered from eating disorder 6 (N = 1397) | Ref | Ref | ||
Persistent eating disorder 7 (N = 866) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.78) | <0.0001 | 0.73 (0.65, 0.82) | <0.0001 |
Category of eating disorders 5,8 | ||||
Recovered from eating disorders 9,6 (N = 1397) | Ref | Ref | ||
Persistent restrictive disorders 7 (N = 78) | 0.63 (0.46, 0.85) | 0.0029 | 0.70 (0.50, 0.97) | 0.033 |
Persistent bulimic disorders 7 (N = 256) | 0.63 (0.52, 0.75) | <0.0001 | 0.65 (0.54, 0.79) | <0.0001 |
Persistent hyperphagic disorders 7 (N = 468) | 0.70 (0.61, 0.81) | <0.0001 | 0.73 (0.63, 0.84) | <0.0001 |
Persistent other eating disorders 7 (N = 64) | 1.10 (0.78, 1.56) | 0.57 | 1.11 (0.78, 1.57) | 0.57 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Robert, M.; Shankland, R.; Andreeva, V.A.; Deschasaux-Tanguy, M.; Kesse-Guyot, E.; Bellicha, A.; Leys, C.; Hercberg, S.; Touvier, M.; Péneau, S. Resilience Is Associated with Less Eating Disorder Symptoms in the NutriNet-Santé Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031471
Robert M, Shankland R, Andreeva VA, Deschasaux-Tanguy M, Kesse-Guyot E, Bellicha A, Leys C, Hercberg S, Touvier M, Péneau S. Resilience Is Associated with Less Eating Disorder Symptoms in the NutriNet-Santé Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031471
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobert, Margaux, Rebecca Shankland, Valentina A. Andreeva, Mélanie Deschasaux-Tanguy, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Alice Bellicha, Christophe Leys, Serge Hercberg, Mathilde Touvier, and Sandrine Péneau. 2022. "Resilience Is Associated with Less Eating Disorder Symptoms in the NutriNet-Santé Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031471
APA StyleRobert, M., Shankland, R., Andreeva, V. A., Deschasaux-Tanguy, M., Kesse-Guyot, E., Bellicha, A., Leys, C., Hercberg, S., Touvier, M., & Péneau, S. (2022). Resilience Is Associated with Less Eating Disorder Symptoms in the NutriNet-Santé Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031471