Hope and Fear of Threats as Predictors of Coping with Two Major Adversities, the COVID-19 Pandemic and an Armed Conflict
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Psychological Coping Indicators
1.2. Current Study
- Individuals’ hope level will positively predict the positive coping responses (expressed by individual resilience, societal resilience, and well-being), and will negatively predict the sense of distress (expressed by anxiety and depression symptoms). In contrast, individual’s level of fear of potential threats will negatively predict the positive coping responses and will positively predict the sense of distress.
- In line with this central role of hope in supporting coping [20,24], and due to different personal meanings of the potential threats for different individuals, we hypothesize that hope will be a better and more consistent predictor of coping and coping suppressing responses, compared with the investigated perceived threats.
- The effects of hope will be replicated in coping with the two studied adversities: the COVID-19 pandemic and the May 2021 armed conflict between Israel and the Gaza Strip.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Health and Security Situation
2.3. Tools
2.3.1. Predictors
2.3.2. Predicted Variables
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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COVID-19 (N = 699) | Armed Conflict (N = 647) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | Values | n (%) | n (%) |
Age groups | 18–30 | 128 (18) | 96 (15) |
31–40 | 170 (24) | 145 (22) | |
41–50 | 137 (20) | 136 (21) | |
51–60 | 123 (18) | 116 (18) | |
≥61 | 141 (20) | 152 (24) | |
Gender | Women | 330 (47) | 297 (46) |
Men | 369 (53) | 350 (54) | |
Income level | Below average | 394 (56) | 339 (52) |
Average | 163 (23) | 154 (24) | |
Above average | 142 (20) | 154 (24) | |
Political attitudes | Left | 87 (12) | 77 (12) |
Center | 259 (37) | 236 (36) | |
Right | 353 (50) | 334 (52) | |
Religiosity | Secular | 351 (50) | 328 (51) |
Traditional | 196 (28) | 177 (27) | |
Religious | 97 (14) | 91 (14) | |
Orthodox | 55 (8) | 51 (8) |
Predictor | Predicted | COVID-19 Estimate | Armed Conflict Estimate |
---|---|---|---|
Hope | Individual resilience | 0.29 *** | 0.36 *** |
Societal resilience | 0.47 *** | 0.50 *** | |
Well-being | 0.37 *** | 0.41 *** | |
Anxiety | −0.19 *** | −0.07 * | |
Depression | −0.30 *** | −0.23 *** | |
Political threat | Individual resilience | 0.13 *** | 0.15 *** |
Societal resilience | −0.20 *** | −0.17 *** | |
Well-being | 0.04 | 0.07 * | |
Anxiety | 0.04 | −0.01 | |
Depression | 0.02 | −0.01 | |
Economic Threat | Individual resilience | −0.13 *** | −0.02 |
Societal resilience | −0.07 * | −0.06 | |
Well-being | −0.31 *** | −0.19 *** | |
Anxiety | 0.23 *** | 0.13 *** | |
Depression | 0.28 *** | 0.24 *** | |
Health Threat | Individual resilience | −0.17 *** | −0.24 *** |
Societal resilience | 0.12 ** | 0.01 | |
Well-being | −0.15 *** | −0.28 *** | |
Anxiety | 0.27 *** | 0.17 *** | |
Depression | 0.15 *** | 0.16 *** | |
Security Threat | Individual resilience | −0.12 ** | −0.19 *** |
Societal resilience | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
Well-being | −0.07 * | −0.05 | |
Anxiety | 0.11 ** | 0.41 *** | |
Depression | 0.13 *** | 0.21 *** | |
R2 (explained variance) | Individual resilience | 0.20 | 0.31 |
Societal resilience | 0.30 | 0.33 | |
Well-being | 0.38 | 0.45 | |
Anxiety | 0.32 | 0.36 | |
Depression | 0.35 | 0.36 |
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Marciano, H.; Eshel, Y.; Kimhi, S.; Adini, B. Hope and Fear of Threats as Predictors of Coping with Two Major Adversities, the COVID-19 Pandemic and an Armed Conflict. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031123
Marciano H, Eshel Y, Kimhi S, Adini B. Hope and Fear of Threats as Predictors of Coping with Two Major Adversities, the COVID-19 Pandemic and an Armed Conflict. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031123
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarciano, Hadas, Yohanan Eshel, Shaul Kimhi, and Bruria Adini. 2022. "Hope and Fear of Threats as Predictors of Coping with Two Major Adversities, the COVID-19 Pandemic and an Armed Conflict" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031123