Knowledge and Prior Use of HIV Self-Testing in Madrid and Barcelona among Men Who Have Sex with Men More than One Year after Its Legal Authorization in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Recruitment and Data Collection Instrument
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Main Characteristics
3.2. Knowledge and Past Use of HIV Self-Testing
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | % | |
---|---|---|
Recruitment site | ||
Madrid community-based program | 949 | 46.4 |
Barcelona community-based program | 678 | 33.2 |
Barcelona sexual health clinic | 417 | 20.4 |
Age | ||
<30 | 740 | 36.2 |
30–39 | 722 | 35.3 |
≥40 | 582 | 28.5 |
Place of birth | ||
Latin America | 613 | 30.0 |
Spain | 1185 | 58.0 |
Western Europe | 146 | 7.1 |
Others | 100 | 4.9 |
What is the highest level of education you have completed? | ||
Up to primary school | 144 | 7.1 |
Up to upper secondary | 687 | 33.8 |
University education | 1203 | 59.1 |
Self-defined economic situation | ||
Difficult/very difficult | 201 | 9.8 |
Tight | 640 | 31.4 |
Comfortable/good | 1200 | 58.8 |
>1,000,000 inhabitants of place of residency | 1601 | 78.6 |
Lives sex life with other men… | ||
Hidden/in total secrecy | 122 | 6.0 |
Discreetly | 669 | 32.8 |
Openly | 1247 | 61.2 |
Has had sex only with men (ever) | 1291 | 63.2 |
Number of men with whom he had unprotected receptive anal sex * | ||
0 | 447 | 25.6 |
1 | 582 | 33.4 |
2–4 | 503 | 28.9 |
≥5 | 211 | 12.1 |
Unprotected intercourse with women * | 119 | 5.8 |
Has paid for sex * | 181 | 8.9 |
Has been paid for sex * | 253 | 12.4 |
History of sexually transmitted infections diagnosis | ||
No STI diagnosis | 887 | 43.8 |
STI diagnosis > 12 months ago | 543 | 26.8 |
STI diagnosis in the last 12 months | 594 | 29.3 |
Time since last HIV test | ||
Never tested before | 123 | 6.0 |
More than 5 years | 49 | 2.4 |
1–5 years | 296 | 14.5 |
6–12 months | 602 | 29.5 |
<6 months | 972 | 47.6 |
Total | Yes | No/Not Sure | CPR * | p-Value | CI95% ** | APR *** | CI95% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||||||
537 | 26.3 | 1507 | 73.7 | ||||||
Recruitment site | 2 | ||||||||
Madrid community-based program | 226 | 23.8 | 723 | 76.2 | ref | ||||
Barcelona community-based program | 175 | 25.8 | 503 | 74.2 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.3 | |||
Barcelona sexual health clinic | 136 | 32.6 | 281 | 67.4 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.7 | |||
Age | 2 | ||||||||
<30 | 164 | 22.2 | 576 | 77.8 | ref | ref | |||
30–39 | 201 | 27.8 | 521 | 72.2 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.5 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.4 | |
≥40 | 172 | 29.6 | 410 | 70.4 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.7 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.5 | |
Place of birth | 1 | ||||||||
Latin America | 99 | 16.2 | 514 | 83.8 | ref | ref | |||
Spain | 375 | 31.6 | 810 | 68.4 | 2.0 | 1.6–2.4 | 1.8 | 1.5–2.2 | |
Western Europe | 44 | 30.1 | 102 | 69.9 | 1.9 | 1.3–2.7 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.1 | |
Others | 19 | 19.0 | 81 | 81.0 | 1.2 | 0.7–1.9 | 1.1 | 0.7–7.1 | |
What is the highest level of education you have completed? | 1 | ||||||||
Below university education | 179 | 21.5 | 652 | 78.5 | ref | ref | |||
University education | 355 | 29.5 | 848 | 70.5 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.6 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.4 | |
Self-defined economic situation | 1 | ||||||||
Difficult/very difficult | 33 | 16.4 | 168 | 83.6 | ref | ref | |||
Tight | 138 | 21.6 | 502 | 78.4 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.9 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 | |
Comfortable/good | 365 | 30.4 | 835 | 69.6 | 1.9 | 1.3–2.6 | 1.4 | 1.0–1.9 | |
Lives sex life with other men… | 1 | ||||||||
Hidden/in total secrecy | 16 | 13.1 | 106 | 86.9 | ref | ref | |||
Discreetly | 149 | 22.3 | 520 | 77.7 | 1.7 | 1.0–2.8 | 1.5 | 1.0–2.5 | |
Openly | 371 | 29.8 | 876 | 70.2 | 2.3 | 1.4–3.7 | 1.9 | 1.2–3.0 | |
Sex of lifetime sexual partners | 3 | ||||||||
Men and women | 180 | 23.9 | 573 | 76.1 | ref | ||||
Only men | 357 | 27.7 | 934 | 72.3 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.4 | |||
Has been paid for sex (last 12 months) | 2 | ||||||||
Yes | 51 | 20.2 | 202 | 79.8 | ref | ||||
No | 486 | 27.2 | 1304 | 72.8 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.8 | |||
Unprotected intercourse with women (last 12 months) | 2 | ||||||||
Yes | 19 | 16.0 | 100 | 84.0 | ref | ||||
No | 518 | 26.9 | 1406 | 73.1 | 1.7 | 1.1–2.7 | |||
Time since last HIV test | 1 | ||||||||
Never tested before | 13 | 10.6 | 110 | 89.4 | ref | ref | |||
More than 5 years | 14 | 28.6 | 35 | 71.4 | 2.7 | 1.3–5.8 | 2.3 | 1.2–4.7 | |
1–5 years | 64 | 21.6 | 232 | 78.4 | 2.0 | 1.1–3.7 | 1.6 | 0.9–2.8 | |
6–12 months | 149 | 24.8 | 453 | 75.2 | 2.3 | 1.3–4.1 | 1.8 | 1.1–3.2 | |
<6 months | 297 | 30.6 | 675 | 69.4 | 2.9 | 1.7–5.0 | 2.4 | 1.4–4.0 |
Total | Yes | No | CPR * | p-Value | CI95% ** | APR *** | CI95% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||||||
105 | 5.1 | 1939 | 94.9 | ||||||
Age | 4 | ||||||||
<30 | 33 | 4.5 | 707 | 95.5 | |||||
30–39 | 43 | 6.0 | 679 | 94.0 | |||||
≥40 | 29 | 5.0 | 553 | 95.0 | |||||
Place of birth | 3 | ||||||||
Latin America | 24 | 3.9 | 589 | 96.1 | ref | ref | |||
Spain | 64 | 5.4 | 1121 | 94.6 | 1.4 | 0.9–2.2 | 1.6 | 1.0–2.5 | |
Western Europe | 14 | 9.6 | 132 | 90.4 | 2.5 | 1.3–4.7 | 2.4 | 1.3–4.6 | |
Others | 3 | 3.0 | 97 | 97.0 | 0.8 | 0.2–2.5 | 0.8 | 0.3–2.7 | |
What is the highest level of education you have completed? | 2 | ||||||||
Below university education | 32 | 3.8 | 799 | 96.2 | ref | ref | |||
University education | 72 | 6.0 | 1131 | 94.0 | 1.6 | 1.0–2.4 | 1.5 | 1.0–2.3 | |
Self-defined economic situation | 3 | ||||||||
Difficult/very difficult | 6 | 3.0 | 195 | 97.0 | ref | ||||
Tight | 28 | 4.4 | 612 | 95.6 | 1.5 | 0.6–3.5 | |||
Comfortable/good | 71 | 5.9 | 1129 | 94.1 | 2.0 | 0.9–4.5 | |||
Has been paid for sex (last 12 months) | 3 | ||||||||
No | 87 | 4.9 | 1703 | 95.1 | ref | ref | |||
Yes | 18 | 7.1 | 235 | 92.9 | 1.5 | 0.9–2.4 | 1.8 | 1.1–2.9 | |
Time since last HIV test | 1 | ||||||||
>1 years-never tested | 12 | 2.6 | 456 | 94.8 | ref | ref | |||
6–12 months | 25 | 4.1 | 577 | 95.9 | 1.6 | 0.8–3.2 | 1.5 | 0.8–3.0 | |
<6 months | 68 | 7.0 | 904 | 93.0 | 2.7 | 1.5–5.0 | 2.5 | 1.4–4.6 |
n | % | |
---|---|---|
Number self-testing kits used | ||
One | 73 | 69.5 |
Two | 12 | 11.4 |
Three or more | 20 | 19.0 |
Time since last self-test | ||
<3 months | 15 | 14.3 |
3 to 12 months | 53 | 50.5 |
>12 to 24 months | 26 | 24.8 |
>24 months ago | 11 | 10.5 |
Where was the last self-test acquired | ||
At a pharmacy (over the counter) | 75 | 71.4 |
At an online pharmacy | 7 | 6.7 |
At a country (other than Spain) where it is legally sold | 10 | 9.5 |
Purchased it on the internet without having certainty about its legality | 1 | 1.0 |
Others | 12 | 11.4 |
With whom did he perform his last self-test | ||
Alone | 67 | 63.8 |
Stable partner | 14 | 13.3 |
Occasional partner | 4 | 3.8 |
Friend | 13 | 12.4 |
CBO/NGO staff | 2 | 1.9 |
Health professional | 5 | 4.8 |
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Guerras, J.-M.; Belza, M.-J.; Fuster, M.-J.; Fuente, L.d.l.; García de Olalla, P.; Palma, D.; García-Pérez, J.-N.; Hoyos, J.; on behalf of the Methysos Project Group. Knowledge and Prior Use of HIV Self-Testing in Madrid and Barcelona among Men Who Have Sex with Men More than One Year after Its Legal Authorization in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031096
Guerras J-M, Belza M-J, Fuster M-J, Fuente Ldl, García de Olalla P, Palma D, García-Pérez J-N, Hoyos J, on behalf of the Methysos Project Group. Knowledge and Prior Use of HIV Self-Testing in Madrid and Barcelona among Men Who Have Sex with Men More than One Year after Its Legal Authorization in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031096
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuerras, Juan-Miguel, María-José Belza, María-José Fuster, Luis de la Fuente, Patricia García de Olalla, David Palma, Jorge-Néstor García-Pérez, Juan Hoyos, and on behalf of the Methysos Project Group. 2022. "Knowledge and Prior Use of HIV Self-Testing in Madrid and Barcelona among Men Who Have Sex with Men More than One Year after Its Legal Authorization in Spain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031096