Gender Differences in Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors among Adults with Diabetes in the United States between 1999 and 2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Definitions
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Gender Differences in Diet
3.2. Gender Differences in Negative Emotion
3.3. Gender Differences in BMI
3.4. Gender Differences in Smoking and Alcohol Consumption
3.5. Gender Differences in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men (N = 578) | Women (N = 516) | Men vs. Women | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (%) | p = 0.100 | ||
20–39 y | 4.32 (1.92–6.72) | 8.24 (5.25–11.23) | |
40–59 y | 28.61 (22.71–34.52) | 26.72 (20.23–33.21) | |
≥60 y | 67.07 (60.08–74.05) | 65.04 (56.84–73.24) | |
Race/Ethnicity (%) | p = 0.236 | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 63.27 (55.85–70.68) | 58.00 (51.86–64.14) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 10.45 (6.78–14.13) | 15.27 (9.91–20.64) | |
Hispanic | 13.29 (9.35–17.24) | 15.94 (12.26–19.62) | |
Others | 12.99 (9.06–16.91) | 10.79 (6.71–14.87) | |
Insurance Status (%) | p = 0.851 | ||
Uninsured | 8.10 (3.09–13.12) | 7.65 (5.26–10.03) | |
Insured | 91.78 (86.78–96.77) | 92.21 (89.91–94.51) | |
Employment Status (%) | p = 0.038 | ||
Unemployed | 42.53 (36.91–48.14) | 34.49 (28.35–40.64) | |
Employed | 57.44 (51.80–63.08) | 65.51 (59.36–71.65) | |
Marital Status (%) | p < 0.001 | ||
Married or living with partner | 73.98 (68.07–79.88) | 56.70 (51.39–62.02) | |
Never married | 6.90 (4.52–9.27) | 6.32 (3.65–8.99) | |
Widowed, divorced, separated | 19.06 (13.48–24.65) | 36.90 (31.03–42.76) | |
Education Status (%) | p = 0.024 | ||
Below High School | 59.75 (53.40–66.11) | 49.27 (43.93–54.61) | |
High school graduate or GED | 25.08 (19.95–30.20) | 32.41 (26.84–37.98) | |
Some college or above | 14.84 (11.03–18.65) | 18.25 (13.96–22.54) | |
Family Income Status (%) | p = 0.302 | ||
PIR < 1.30 | 15.78 (11.61–19.95) | 19.14 (16.39–21.90) | |
PIR: 1.30–3.49 | 35.27 (29.28–41.26) | 39.40 (32.35–46.46) | |
PIR ≥ 3.50 | 38.19 (29.91–46.46) | 30.99 (24.23–37.74) | |
AHA Secondary Diet Score | 37.67 (±0.83) | 38.63 (±0.99) | −0.97 (±1.13) |
Poor Diet (%) | 31.86 (25.19–38.53) | 32.78 (25.81–39.76) | −0.93 (−10.50–8.65) |
PHQ-9 score | 3.02 (±0.26) | 4.33 (±0.28) | −1.31 (±0.40) |
Depression (%) | 10.44 (6.86–14.02) | 10.89 (6.73–15.05) | −0.45 (−5.89–5.00) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.95 (±0.53) | 34.61 (±0.55) | −2.67 (±0.59) |
Obesity (%) | 55.52 (48.98–62.07) | 67.76 (62.44–73.07) | −12.23 (−20.60–−3.87) |
Smoking (%) | 15.79 (11.49–20.09) | 13.76 (8.61–18.91) | 2.03 (−4.63–8.68) |
Alcohol Consumption (%) | 64.57 (56.37–72.77) | 54.91 (47.17–62.65) | 9.66 (−1.53–20.84) |
Insufficient Physical Activity (%) | 41.38 (35.25–47.51) | 54.13 (47.53–60.73) | −12.75 (−21.69–−3.81) |
Sedentary Behavior (%) | 39.38 (33.60–45.16) | 34.62 (29.17–40.06) | 4.76 (−3.12–12.64) |
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Wang, Y.; Cao, P.; Liu, F.; Chen, Y.; Xie, J.; Bai, B.; Liu, Q.; Ma, H.; Geng, Q. Gender Differences in Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors among Adults with Diabetes in the United States between 1999 and 2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416412
Wang Y, Cao P, Liu F, Chen Y, Xie J, Bai B, Liu Q, Ma H, Geng Q. Gender Differences in Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors among Adults with Diabetes in the United States between 1999 and 2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416412
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yu, Peihua Cao, Fengyao Liu, Yilin Chen, Jingyu Xie, Bingqing Bai, Quanjun Liu, Huan Ma, and Qingshan Geng. 2022. "Gender Differences in Unhealthy Lifestyle Behaviors among Adults with Diabetes in the United States between 1999 and 2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 16412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416412