Atmospheric Air Pollution by Stationary Sources in Ulan-Ude (Buryatia, Russia) and Its Impact on Public Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- In Ulan-Ude, there has been a 3.71-fold increase in air pollution over the period of 2011–2020. In 2011–2012, the degree of air pollution was assessed as “High”, and from 2013 to 2020—as “Very High”. Priority pollutants whose concentrations exceed MAC are benzo(a)pyrene, PM2.5, PM10, suspended solids, and nitrogen dioxide.
- The main stationary sources of atmospheric air pollution are large enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, autonomous heat supply sources of small enterprises, and individual households (which make the greatest contribution to the air pollution). There has been an increase in the number of households with autonomous sources of heating.
- Chronic inhalation exposure to pollutants may cause health disorders of the population of Ulan-Ude from the respiratory organs, immune system, disorders of fetal development, neoplasms, diseases of the vision, blood diseases, and increased mortality. The concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air have been found to present elevated levels of non-carcinogenic risk to public health, exceeding permissible values from 1.1 to 12 times. The level of individual carcinogenic risk exceeds the permissible level for the population of Ulan-Ude by 1.62 times. Priority pollutants in the atmosphere of Ulan-Ude whose concentrations create unacceptable levels of risk to public health are benzo(a)pyrene, suspended solids, nitrogen dioxide, PM2.5, PM10, formaldehyde, and black carbon.
- The levels of morbidity in Ulan-Ude were higher than the average for Buryatia by the main disease classes: respiratory organs by 1.19 times, endocrine system by 1.25 times, circulatory system by 1.11 times, eye diseases by 1.06 times, neoplasms by 1.47 times, congenital anomalies, and deformations and chromosomal aberrations by 1.63 times. There is an increase in the incidence of risk-related diseases of the respiratory organs and circulatory system. A strong correlation was found between this growth of morbidity and atmospheric air pollution in Ulan-Ude.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Operator | Type | Location |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Buryat Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring | Monitoring stations | Prospekt 50-letiya Oktyabrya (ASK-A No.1) |
2 | Ulitsa Revolutsii 1905 (ASK-A No.6) | ||
3 | Ulitsa Babushkina, section No.16 (ASK-A No.2) | ||
4 | Rospotrebnadzor | Monitoring sites | Ulitsa Sovetskaya, 43; near school No.3 (Site 1) |
5 | Ulitsa Mokhovaya, 1; near kindergarten “Pchelka”, influence zone of CHPP-1 (Site 2) | ||
6 | Ulitsa Rodiny, 2; square in the influence zone of the boiler house of Zagorsk (Site 3) | ||
7 | Prospekt Stroitelei, 20; near school No. 49 (Site 4) | ||
8 | Ulitsa Klyuchevskaya, 45B; near the Head Office of Rospotrebnadzor in Buryatia (Site 5) | ||
9 | Ulitsa Zabaikalskaya, 2, Silikatny; influence zone of the settlement’s enterprises (Site 6) | ||
10 | Ulitsa Stroitelei, 19A, Zarechny; near kindergarten “Zorka” (Site 7) |
Pollutant | Years | Change by 2020 % | Note | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
Nitrogen dioxide | 1 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.13 | 1.05 | 1 | 0.93 | 1 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 7.5 | vs. 2011 year |
Suspended matter | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.76 | 1.77 | 1.75 | 1.88 | 1.48 | 1.30 | −13.3 | |
Carbon monoxide | 0.5 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.17 | −66.7 | |
Sulfur dioxide | 0.1 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.2 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 100.0 | |
Formaldehyde | 2 | 2.30 | 2.30 | 1.78 | 1.10 | 1.1 | 1.00 | 1.30 | 1.2 | 0.50 | −75.0 | |
Phenol | 0.8 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.66 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.56 | 1.00 | 25.0 | |
Benzo(a)pyrene | 2.8 | 2.8 | 4 | 7.7 | 7.22 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 10.2 | 11.95 | 10.30 | 367.9 | |
Nitrogen oxide | 0.2 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.56 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0 | |
Ozone | − | − | − | − | 1.53 | 1.23 | 0.9 | 1.07 | 1.17 | 0.73 | −52.1 | vs. 2015 year |
Ammonia | − | − | − | − | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.2 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −90.0 | vs. 2015 year |
Black carbon | − | − | − | − | 1.04 | 0.86 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.38 | −63.5 | vs. 2015 year |
PM10 | − | − | − | − | − | − | 1.2 | 1.13 | 1.07 | 1.50 | 25.0 | vs. 2017 year |
PM2.5 | − | − | − | − | − | − | 1.34 | 1.37 | 1.34 | 1.76 | 31.3 | vs. 2017 year |
API5 | 10.0 | 12.4 | 14.6 | 27.3 | 25.2 | 22.9 | 25.6 | 38.0 | 46.3 | 37.1 | 371 | vs. 2011 year |
Degree of air pollution | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high |
No. | Type of Stationary Source | Mass (Thousand Tons) | wt.% |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Large heating networks (fuel and energy complex) | 18.0 | 21.5 |
2 | Autonomous sources (enterprises and small businesses) | 2.0 | 2.4 |
3 | Individual households | 63.8 | 76.1 |
4 | Total | 83.8 | 100 |
Area | Pollutant | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benzo(a)pyrene | Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) | Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) | Particulate Matter | Carbon Monoxide (CO) | Total | |
kg | Thousand Tons | |||||
Ulan-Ude | 10.29 | 0.22 | 7.33 | 25.87 | 5.85 | 39.27 |
Ulan-Ude suburb, located in Tarbagataisky District | 1.04 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 2.61 | 0.59 | 3.96 |
Ulan-Ude suburb, located in Ivolginsky District | 3.53 | 0.07 | 2.52 | 8.88 | 2.01 | 13.48 |
Ulan-Ude suburb, located in Zaigraevsky District | 1.84 | 0.04 | 1.31 | 4.63 | 1.05 | 7.03 |
Total | 16.7 | 0.36 | 11.9 | 41.99 | 9.5 | 63.75 |
Disease Classes | Ulan-Ude | Buryatia | Excess Rate (Ulan-Ude vs. Buryatia | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases, per 100,000 People | % of Total Morbidity | Cases, per 100,000 People | % of Total Morbidity | ||
Respiratory organs | 34,154.29 | 44.31 | 28,648.46 | 44.77 | 1.19 |
Congenital anomalies, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities | 151.53 | 0.20 | 92.74 | 0.14 | 1.63 |
Diseases of the eye | 3149.95 | 4.09 | 2977.82 | 4.65 | 1.06 |
Circulatory system | 2837.52 | 3.68 | 2551.25 | 3.99 | 1.11 |
Blood and hematopoietic organs | 383.85 | 0.50 | 462.3 | 0.72 | 0.83 |
Neoplasms | 1073.08 | 1.39 | 731.89 | 1.14 | 1.47 |
Endocrine system | 1673.95 | 2.17 | 1338.39 | 2.09 | 1.25 |
Others | 33,653.46 | 43.66 | 27,182.58 | 42.5 | 1.24 |
Total | 77,077.63 | 100.00 | 63,985.43 | 100.00 | 1.20 |
Disease Classes | Year | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |
Respiratory diseases | 32,359.0 | 33,397.4 | 34,231.0 | 34,771.6 | 32,409.9 | 33,925.6 | 33,569.7 | 34,956.3 | 35,842.1 | 36,080.3 |
Congenital anomalies, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities | 206.7 | 193.1 | 211.0 | 217.3 | 89.5 | 120.2 | 124.7 | 120.9 | 116.6 | 115.3 |
Diseases of the eye | 4127.7 | 3529.2 | 3116 | 3937.1 | 3445.2 | 2735.6 | 2880.8 | 2638.3 | 2725.4 | 2364.2 |
Circulatory system | 2491.7 | 2351.8 | 2549.8 | 2560.7 | 2669.9 | 3140.1 | 3174.1 | 3221.6 | 3515.8 | 2699.7 |
Blood and hematopoietic organs | 338.3 | 387.5 | 405.5 | 389.8 | 391.0 | 408.6 | 436.8 | 424.1 | 396.9 | 260.0 |
Neoplasms | 1085.8 | 1197.1 | 1114.0 | 1219.1 | 1058.6 | 1073.7 | 1037.8 | 969.3 | 1078.5 | 896.9 |
Endocrine system | 1756.7 | 1687.9 | 1661.5 | 1854.1 | 1620.7 | 1727.5 | 1838.5 | 1456.4 | 1803.9 | 1332.3 |
Others | 38,095.5 | 38,209.50 | 34,916.3 | 38,096.3 | 29,526.0 | 30,417.6 | 31,912.1 | 31,065.2 | 31,038.7 | 33,257.4 |
Total morbidity | 80,461.4 | 80,953.5 | 78,205.1 | 83,046.0 | 71,210.8 | 73,548.9 | 74,974.5 | 74,852.1 | 76,517.9 | 77,006.1 |
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Gomboev, B.O.; Dambueva, I.K.; Khankhareev, S.S.; Batomunkuev, V.S.; Zangeeva, N.R.; Tsydypov, V.E.; Sharaldaev, B.B.; Badmaev, A.G.; Zhamyanov, D.T.-D.; Bagaeva, E.E.; et al. Atmospheric Air Pollution by Stationary Sources in Ulan-Ude (Buryatia, Russia) and Its Impact on Public Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416385
Gomboev BO, Dambueva IK, Khankhareev SS, Batomunkuev VS, Zangeeva NR, Tsydypov VE, Sharaldaev BB, Badmaev AG, Zhamyanov DT-D, Bagaeva EE, et al. Atmospheric Air Pollution by Stationary Sources in Ulan-Ude (Buryatia, Russia) and Its Impact on Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416385
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomboev, Bair O., Irina K. Dambueva, Sergey S. Khankhareev, Valentin S. Batomunkuev, Natalya R. Zangeeva, Vitaly E. Tsydypov, Bayanzhargal B. Sharaldaev, Aldar G. Badmaev, Daba Ts.-D. Zhamyanov, Elena E. Bagaeva, and et al. 2022. "Atmospheric Air Pollution by Stationary Sources in Ulan-Ude (Buryatia, Russia) and Its Impact on Public Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 16385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416385