A South African Epidemiological Study of Fatal Drownings: 2016–2021
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Location and Timing
3.2. Sex and Age
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
References
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Year | Fatal Drownings | Population Size [22] | Drowning Mortality Rate per 100,000 Population |
---|---|---|---|
2016 | 1519 | 56,207,646 | 2.70 |
2017 | 1482 | 57,009,756 | 2.60 |
2018 | 1463 | 57,792,518 | 2.53 |
2019 | 1471 | 58,558,270 | 2.51 |
2020 | 1401 | 59,308,690 | 2.36 |
2021 | 1526 | 60,978,505 | 2.50 |
Average | 1477 | 58,309,231 | 2.54 |
Age-Specific Drowning Rates (per 100,000 Population) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Number of Drowning Incidents | Males | Females | Total | Male: Female Ratio | P-Values |
0–4 | 2755 | 56 | 39 | 36.9 | 1.4 | <0.002 |
5–9 | 763 | 20 | 6 | 12.7 | 3.3 | <0.0001 |
10–14 | 803 | 21 | 6 | 13.5 | 3.3 | <0.0001 |
15–19 | 508 | 17 | 3 | 9.9 | 5.0 | <0.0001 |
20–24 | 384 | 13 | 3 | 7.6 | 4.8 | <0.0001 |
25–29 | 420 | 13 | 2 | 7.3 | 5.3 | <0.0001 |
30–34 | 405 | 12 | 2 | 6.9 | 5.6 | <0.0001 |
35–39 | 315 | 10 | 2 | 5.9 | 4.3 | <0.0001 |
40–44 | 266 | 11 | 3 | 6.3 | 4.0 | <0.0001 |
45–49 | 199 | 10 | 3 | 5.6 | 3.8 | <0.0001 |
50–54 | 183 | 12 | 2 | 6.5 | 5.1 | <0.0001 |
55–59 | 123 | 9 | 2 | 5.0 | 3.9 | <0.0001 |
60–64 | 106 | 11 | 2 | 5.6 | 4.9 | <0.0001 |
65–69 | 68 | 9 | 2 | 4.6 | 6.0 | <0.0001 |
70–74 | 65 | 10 | 4 | 6.0 | 2.5 | <0.0001 |
75–79 | 44 | 10 | 5 | 6.5 | 1.9 | <0.0500 |
80+ | 38 | 11 | 4 | 5.9 | 2.9 | <0.005 |
Age Group | Mid-Year Population Size (Thousands) [22] | Number of Drowning Incidents | Drowning Rates per 100,000 |
---|---|---|---|
0–4 | 5,708,956 | 2755 | 48 |
5–9 | 5,663,296 | 763 | 13 |
10–14 | 5,671,023 | 803 | 14 |
15–19 | 4,909,941 | 508 | 10 |
20–24 | 4,739,305 | 384 | 8 |
25–29 | 5,324,134 | 420 | 8 |
30–34 | 5,630,643 | 405 | 7 |
35–39 | 4,985,251 | 315 | 6 |
40–44 | 3,881,731 | 266 | 7 |
45–49 | 3,254,138 | 199 | 6 |
50–54 | 2,625,390 | 183 | 7 |
55–59 | 2,243,823 | 123 | 5 |
60–64 | 1,815,810 | 106 | 6 |
65–69 | 1,422,604 | 68 | 5 |
70–74 | 1,024,345 | 65 | 6 |
75–79 | 647,265 | 44 | 7 |
80+ | 595,323 | 38 | 6 |
Total | 60,142,978 | 7445 | 12 |
Age | Black | Coloured | Indian/Asian | White | P-Values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–4 | 36 | 41 | 27 | 57 | <0.0001 |
5–9 | 13 | 15 | 4 | 4 | <0.0001 |
10–14 | 15 | 12 | 2 | 1 | <0.0001 |
15–19 | 10 | 11 | 3 | 4 | <0.0001 |
20–24 | 8 | 11 | 6 | 1 | <0.0001 |
25–29 | 7 | 10 | 5 | 6 | <0.0001 |
30–34 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | <0.0001 |
35–39 | 6 | 8 | 3 | 3 | <0.0001 |
40–44 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 5 | <0.0001 |
45–49 | 5 | 11 | 4 | 6 | <0.0001 |
50–54 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | <0.0001 |
55–59 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | <0.0001 |
60–64 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 5 | <0.0001 |
65–69 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | <0.0001 |
70–74 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 8 | <0.0001 |
75–79 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 7 | <0.0001 |
80+ | 9 | 2 | 4 | 5 | <0.0001 |
Age-Specific Drowning Rates (per 100,000 Population) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | EC | FS | GP | KZN | LP | MP | NC | NW | WC |
0–4 | 62 | 92 | 33 | 49 | 37 | 52 | 141 | 32 | 44 |
5–9 | 30 | 11 | 4 | 17 | 10 | 12 | 34 | 8 | 12 |
10–14 | 30 | 16 | 5 | 17 | 10 | 11 | 40 | 8 | 10 |
15–19 | 19 | 12 | 2 | 15 | 11 | 7 | 28 | 6 | 8 |
20–24 | 14 | 12 | 2 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 18 | 8 | 11 |
25–29 | 20 | 8 | 2 | 11 | 7 | 2 | 27 | 10 | 8 |
30–34 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 28 | 6 | 6 |
35–39 | 17 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 21 | 6 | 4 |
40–44 | 19 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 3 | 19 | 5 | 7 |
45–49 | 17 | 6 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 4 | 6 |
50–54 | 20 | 8 | 1 | 13 | 6 | 2 | 22 | 4 | 4 |
55–59 | 16 | 4 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
60–64 | 13 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 5 |
65–69 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 4 |
70–74 | 16 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 4 |
75–79 | 15 | 9 | 1 | 11 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 8 |
80+ | 10 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 4 |
Total | 23.7 | 16.8 | 5.6 | 15.5 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 34.4 | 8.6 | 11.0 |
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Fortuin, J.; Karangwa, I.; Mahlalela, N.; Robertson, C. A South African Epidemiological Study of Fatal Drownings: 2016–2021. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215121
Fortuin J, Karangwa I, Mahlalela N, Robertson C. A South African Epidemiological Study of Fatal Drownings: 2016–2021. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):15121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215121
Chicago/Turabian StyleFortuin, Jill, Innocent Karangwa, Nongcebo Mahlalela, and Cleeve Robertson. 2022. "A South African Epidemiological Study of Fatal Drownings: 2016–2021" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 15121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215121
APA StyleFortuin, J., Karangwa, I., Mahlalela, N., & Robertson, C. (2022). A South African Epidemiological Study of Fatal Drownings: 2016–2021. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215121