The Relationships between Prospection, Self-Efficacy, and Depression in College Students with Cross-Lagged Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Prospection and Depression
1.2. Self-Efficacy and Depression
1.3. Prospection and Self-Efficacy
1.4. The Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21(DASS-21)
2.2.2. The Sentence Completion for Events in the Future Test (SCEFT)
2.2.3. The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES)
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive and Correlational Findings
3.2. Measure Invariance
3.3. Cross-Lagged Models
3.4. Moderating Effect of Gender
4. Discussion
4.1. Prospection and Depression
4.2. Self-Efficacy and Depression
4.3. Prospection and Self-Efficacy
4.4. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender | 0.55 | 0.50 | 1 | |||||||
2. Age | 19.01 | 1.46 | −0.19 ** | 1 | ||||||
3. Depression (T1) | 9.30 | 3.10 | −0.06 | 0.15 * | 1 | |||||
4. Negative future events% (T1) | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.13 * | 0.26 ** | 1 | ||||
5. Self-efficacy (T1) | 26.29 | 6.35 | −0.16 ** | 0.02 | −0.41 ** | −0.15 * | 1 | |||
6. Depression (T2) | 9.59 | 3.14 | −0.20 ** | 0.001 | 0.66 ** | 0.23 ** | −0.28 ** | 1 | ||
7. Negative future events% (T2) | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.36 ** | 0.31 ** | −0.19 ** | 0.47 ** | 1 | |
8. Self-efficacy (T2) | 26.65 | 6.24 | −0.07 | 0.02 | −0.35 ** | −0.152 * | 0.64 ** | −0.39 ** | −0.25 ** | 1 |
χ2 | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | Δdf | Δχ2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | |||||||
Model 1: Configural invariance | 78.39 | 28 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.03 | ||
Model 2: Metric invariance | 92.34 | 34 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 6 | 13.95 * |
Self-efficacy | |||||||
Model 1: Configural invariance | 290.40 | 70 | 0.95 | 0.93 | 0.04 | ||
Model 2: Metric invariance | 302.06 | 79 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.05 | 9 | 11.66 |
Estimate | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Β (p) | se | Β (p) | se | Β (p) | se | |
Stabilities | ||||||
Depression | 0.65 (0.00) | 0.05 | 0.66 (0.00) | 0.05 | 0.65 (0.00) | 0.05 |
Negative future events% | 0.28 (0.00) | 0.07 | 0.28 (0.00) | 0.07 | ||
Self-efficacy | 0.59 (0.00) | 0.05 | 0.59 (0.00) | 0.05 | ||
Cross-lagged effects of depression | ||||||
Depression→Negative future events% | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.00 | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.00 | ||
Depression→Self-efficacy | −0.20 (0.00) | 0.05 | −0.18 (0.08) | 0.10 | ||
Cross-lagged effects of Negative future events% | ||||||
Negative future events%→Depression | 3.63 (0.17) | 2.65 | 3.62 (0.17) | 2.65 | ||
Negative future events%→Self-efficacy | −4.46 (0.40) | 5.33 | ||||
Cross-lagged effects of self-efficacy | ||||||
Self-efficacy→Depression | −0.00 (0.90) | 0.03 | −0.000 (0.95) | 0.03 | ||
Self-efficacy→Negative future events% | 0.00 (0.54) | 0.00 | ||||
Predictor correlations at Time 1 | ||||||
Depression↔Negative future events% | 0.05 (0.00) | 0.01 | 0.05 (0.00) | 0.01 | ||
Depression↔Self-efficacy | −8.13 (0.00) | 1.28 | −8.13 (0.00) | 1.29 | ||
Self-efficacy↔Negative future events% | −0.05 (0.01) | 0.02 | ||||
Disturbance correlations at Time 2 | ||||||
Depression↔Negative future events% | 0.05 (0.00) | 0.01 | 0.05 (0.00) | 0.01 | ||
Depression↔Self-efficacy | 3.08 (0.00) | 0.70 | −3.04 (0.03) | 0.70 | ||
Self-efficacy↔Negative future events% | −0.04 (0.03) | 0.02 |
Estimate | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Β (p) | se | Β (p) | se | Β (p) | se | |
Cross-lagged effects of depression | ||||||
Depression→Negative future events% | ||||||
Female | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.00 | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.00 | ||
Male | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 | 0.004 (0.02) | 0.00 | ||
Difference | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.00 | ||
Depression→Self-efficacy | ||||||
Female | −0.13 (0.34) | 0.14 | −0.08 (0.59) | 0.14 | ||
Male | −0.25 (0.06) | 0.13 | −0.27 (0.05) | 0.14 | ||
Difference | 0.11 (0.53) | 0.18 | 0.19 (0.32) | 0.19 | ||
Cross-lagged effects of Negative future events% | ||||||
Negative future events%→Depression | ||||||
Female | 2.07 (0.54) | 3.39 | 1.42 (0.68) | 3.42 | ||
Male | 6.84 (0.06) | 3.66 | 6.99 (0.06) | 3.66 | ||
Difference | −4.77 (0.32) | 4.78 | −5.57 (0.25) | 4.82 | ||
Negative future events%→Self-efficacy | ||||||
Female | −0.00 (0.44) | 0.00 | ||||
Male | 0.00 (0.96) | 0.00 | ||||
Difference | −0.00 (0.58) | 0.00 | ||||
Cross-lagged effects of self-efficacy | ||||||
Self-efficacy→Depression | ||||||
Female | −0.04 (0.18) | 0.03 | −0.04(0.17) | 0.03 | ||
Male | 0.00 (0.90) | 0.03 | 0.00(0.90) | 0.04 | ||
Difference | −0.05 (0.28) | 0.04 | −0.05(0.28) | 0.04 | ||
Self-efficacy→Negative future events% | ||||||
Female | −10.26 (0.16) | 7.28 | ||||
Male | 1.71 (0.82) | 7.84 | ||||
Difference | −11.97 (0.27) | 10.75 |
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Yang, Z.-Y.; Wang, Y.-T.; Xia, L.; Zheng, Y.-C.; Feng, Z.-Z. The Relationships between Prospection, Self-Efficacy, and Depression in College Students with Cross-Lagged Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214685
Yang Z-Y, Wang Y-T, Xia L, Zheng Y-C, Feng Z-Z. The Relationships between Prospection, Self-Efficacy, and Depression in College Students with Cross-Lagged Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214685
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Zhuo-Ya, Ya-Ting Wang, Lei Xia, Ying-Can Zheng, and Zheng-Zhi Feng. 2022. "The Relationships between Prospection, Self-Efficacy, and Depression in College Students with Cross-Lagged Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214685