Measuring Online Social Support: Development and Validation of a Short Form for Chinese Adolescents
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Translation Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analyses
3.2. Calibration Sample Analyses
3.3. Cross-Validation Sample Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
1 = 从未发生 2 = 很少发生 3 = 有时发生 4 = 经常发生 5 = 总是发生 [1 = Never 2 = Rarely 3 = Sometimes 4 = Often 5 = A lot] | ||||||
1. | 在社交媒体上, 有人关心我 [People show that they care about me online.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2. | 在社交媒体上, 有人说或做的事情让我对自己感觉良好 [Online, people say or do things that make me feel good about myself.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3. | 在社交媒体上, 有人鼓励我 [People encourage me when I’m online.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4. | 在社交媒体上, 有人关注我 [People pay attention to me online.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5. | 在社交媒体上, 有人告诉我他们欣赏我说的话或我做的事情 [When I’m online, people tell me they like the things I say or do.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6. | 在社交媒体上, 我和别人聊天或做事情 [When I’m online, I talk or do things with other people.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7. | 有人在社交媒体上花时间陪我 [People spend time with me online.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
8. | 有人在社交媒体上和我一起做有趣的事情 [People hang out and do fun things with me online.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
9. | 在社交媒体上, 我在一个志趣相投的团体中 [Online, I belong to groups of people with similar interests.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
10. | 在社交媒体上, 有人让我有归属感 [Online, people make me feel like I belong.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
11. | 在社交媒体上, 有人提供给我有用的信息 [Online, people provide me with helpful information.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
12. | 在社交媒体上, 在我需要时, 有人告诉我去哪寻求帮助 [Online, people would tell me where to find help if I needed it.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
13. | 在社交媒体上有人帮我学习新的东西 [People help me learn new things when I’m online.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
14. | 有人在社交媒体上给我提供建议 [People offer suggestions to me online.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
15. | 在社交媒体上, 有人告诉我我想知道的事情 [People tell me things I want to know online.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
16. | 当我在社交媒体上, 有人帮助我的学习或帮助我完成任务 [When I’m online, people help me with school or work.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
17. | 如果我需要帮助, 我在社交媒体上寻找可以帮助我的人 [If I needed a hand doing something, I go online to find people who will help out.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
18. | 在社交媒体上, 有人帮我解决重要的事情 [Online, people help me with causes or events that I think are important.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
19. | 在社交媒体上, 有人提供我需要的东西 [When I’m online, people have offered me things I need.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
20. | 当我的学习或任务需要帮助, 我在社交媒体上得到他人的帮助 [When I need a hand with school or work things, I get help from others online.] | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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N | % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 137 | 137 | 52.3 | 51.3 |
Female | 125 | 130 | 47.7 | 48.7 | |
Grade | 1 | 99 | 37.1 | ||
2 | 262 | 80 | 100.0 | 30.0 | |
3 | 88 | 33.0 | |||
Living arrangement | Residential | 155 | 178 | 59.2 | 66.7 |
Commuter | 107 | 89 | 40.8 | 33.3 | |
Household registration | Local | 216 | 209 | 82.4 | 78.3 |
Non-local | 46 | 58 | 17.5 | 21.8 | |
Family income | High | 146 | 156 | 55.7 | 58.4 |
Middle | 101 | 96 | 38.5 | 36.0 | |
Low | 15 | 15 | 5.8 | 5.6 | |
M (hour) | SD | ||||
Daily time spent on social media | Weekdays | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.56 |
Weekends and holiday | 1.78 | 1.56 | 2.94 | 2.09 |
M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OSSS-CS | 2.71 | 2.91 | 0.82 | 1.06 | 0.36 | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.74 |
EE | 2.85 | 2.86 | 0.89 | 1.16 | 0.06 | 0.09 | −0.06 | −0.81 |
SC | 2.76 | 3.00 | 0.97 | 1.17 | 0.21 | −0.05 | −0.28 | −0.94 |
INF | 2.79 | 2.99 | 0.95 | 1.18 | 0.25 | −0.02 | −0.09 | −0.92 |
INS | 2.43 | 2.77 | 0.96 | 1.14 | 0.62 | 0.14 | 0.26 | −0.75 |
Factors | Indicators | Est. | SE. | p | Factor Loading | SMC | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EE | Item 1 | 1 | 0.91 | 0.827 | 0.921 | 0.704 | ||
Item 2 | 0.948 | 0.039 | *** | 0.916 | 0.839 | |||
Item 3 | 1.013 | 0.040 | *** | 0.927 | 0.86 | |||
Item 4 | 0.748 | 0.052 | *** | 0.713 | 0.509 | |||
Item 7 | 0.763 | 0.056 | *** | 0.691 | 0.478 | |||
SC | Item 11 | 1 | 0.752 | 0.565 | 0.901 | 0.646 | ||
Item 12 | 1.214 | 0.079 | *** | 0.903 | 0.815 | |||
Item 13 | 1.218 | 0.082 | *** | 0.882 | 0.778 | |||
Item 14 | 1.020 | 0.085 | *** | 0.732 | 0.535 | |||
Item 20 | 1.036 | 0.086 | *** | 0.733 | 0.537 | |||
INF | Item 22 | 1 | 0.82 | 0.672 | 0.934 | 0.742 | ||
Item 24 | 1.108 | 0.060 | *** | 0.907 | 0.823 | |||
Item 25 | 1.054 | 0.065 | *** | 0.835 | 0.698 | |||
Item 26 | 1.043 | 0.058 | *** | 0.893 | 0.798 | |||
Item 27 | 1.035 | 0.062 | *** | 0.849 | 0.721 | |||
INS | Item 32 | 1 | 0.765 | 0.585 | 0.923 | 0.707 | ||
Item 34 | 1.128 | 0.076 | *** | 0.848 | 0.719 | |||
Item 36 | 1.216 | 0.075 | *** | 0.91 | 0.829 | |||
Item 37 | 1.119 | 0.078 | *** | 0.83 | 0.688 | |||
Item 39 | 1.111 | 0.075 | *** | 0.844 | 0.713 |
AVE | EE | SC | INF | INS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EE | 0.704 | 0.839 | |||
SC | 0.646 | 0.664 | 0.804 | ||
INF | 0.742 | 0.727 | 0.734 | 0.861 | |
INS | 0.707 | 0.662 | 0.715 | 0.831 | 0.841 |
Model | df | χ2 | RMSEA | CFI | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cross-validation sample | 164 | 402.226 | 0.074 | 0.953 | 0.040 |
Equivalent covariance matrices | 164 | 412.617 | 0.054 | 0.974 | 0.033 |
Equivalent factor structure | 328 | 747.514 | 0.049 | 0.957 | 0.044 |
Fixed structure and item loading | |||||
344 | 791.287 | 0.050 | 0.954 | 0.042 | |
Fixed structure, item loading, and factor covariance | |||||
354 | 823.343 | 0.050 | 0.951 | 0.077 | |
Fixed structure, item loading, factor variance/covariance, and uniqueness | |||||
374 | 1098.811 | 0.061 | 0.925 | 0.059 | |
Model Comparison | Δdf | Δχ2 | ΔRMSEA | ΔCFI | p |
Item loadings-structure | 16 | 43.773 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Factor variances/covariances-item loadings | 10 | 32.056 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Uniqueness- Factor variance/covariance | 20 | 275.468 | 0.011 | 0.026 | 0.000 |
OSSS | EE | SC | INF | INS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression | –0.111 | –0.087 | –0.065 | –0.124 * | –0.128 * | |
Life satisfaction | 0.283 ** | 0.255 ** | 0.226 ** | 0.277 ** | 0.267 ** | |
Social media use | Weekdays | 0.136 * | 0.098 | 0.145 * | 0.119 | 0.132 * |
Weekend & holiday | 0.173 ** | 0.140 * | 0.149 * | 0.153 * | 0.186 ** |
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Share and Cite
Zhou, Z.; Cheng, Q. Measuring Online Social Support: Development and Validation of a Short Form for Chinese Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114058
Zhou Z, Cheng Q. Measuring Online Social Support: Development and Validation of a Short Form for Chinese Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114058
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Ziyao, and Qijin Cheng. 2022. "Measuring Online Social Support: Development and Validation of a Short Form for Chinese Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114058
APA StyleZhou, Z., & Cheng, Q. (2022). Measuring Online Social Support: Development and Validation of a Short Form for Chinese Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114058