Influence of Loads and Loading Position on the Muscle Activity of the Trunk and Lower Extremity during Squat Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Measurement
2.5. Statistics Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Muscle Activity of Lower Extremity
3.3. Muscle Activity of Trunk
Muscle | 50% | 60% | 70% | p-Value | Post Hoc Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50% vs. 60% | 50% vs. 70% | 60% vs. 70% | |||||
VM | |||||||
HBBS | 33.82 ± 12.30 | 36.57 ± 13.15 | 41.49 ± 14.28 | <0.001 | 0.031 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
LBBS | 31.13 ± 9.58 | 34.07 ± 12.50 | 36.03 ± 11.78 | <0.001 | 0.021 | <0.001 | 0.088 |
p-value | 0.011 | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
VL | |||||||
HBBS | 30.95 ± 11.93 | 35.64 ± 14.23 | 38.93 ± 15.73 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
LBBS | 28.68 ± 11.53 | 31.86 ± 12.72 | 34.13 ± 14.78 | <0.001 | 0.007 | <0.001 | 0.064 |
p-value | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
RF | |||||||
HBBS | 20.54 ± 9.95 | 23.60 ± 12.57 | 26.64 ± 13.41 | <0.001 † | 0.004 * | <0.001 * | 0.007 * |
LBBS | 17.04 ± 9.31 | 19.74 ± 10.46 | 20.46 ± 9.67 | <0.001 † | 0.002 * | 0.002 * | 0.245 * |
p-value | 0.002 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | ||||
BF | |||||||
HBBS | 17.77 ± 11.14 | 19.72 ± 12.63 | 20.98 ± 13.48 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.085 |
LBBS | 16.76 ± 10.10 | 18.26 ± 11.18 | 19.79 ± 12.27 | <0.001 | 0.028 | <0.001 | 0.008 |
p-value | 0.047 | 0.001 | 0.080 |
Muscle | 50% | 60% | 70% | p-Value | Post Hoc Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50% vs. 60% | 50% vs. 70% | 60% vs. 70% | |||||
VM | |||||||
HBBS | 39.02 ± 11.33 | 42.46 ± 13.70 | 46.23 ± 10.76 | <0.001 | 0.017 | <0.001 | 0.040 |
LBBS | 35.03 ± 9.87 | 37.51 ± 11.84 | 41.19 ± 11.69 | <0.001 | 0.036 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
VL | |||||||
HBBS | 36.74 ± 14.12 | 41.62 ± 17.65 | 45.44 ± 18.68 | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.015 |
LBBS | 32.70 ± 12.71 | 36.31 ± 15.11 | 40.21 ± 18.13 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
RF | |||||||
HBBS | 24.27 ± 11.43 | 27.22 ± 13.87 | 30.66 ± 12.77 | <0.001 | 0.059 | 0.001 | 0.121 |
LBBS | 20.47 ± 11.72 | 21.94 ± 10.59 | 26.17 ± 11.76 | <0.001 † | 0.430 * | 0.001 * | 0.002 * |
p-value | <0.001 * | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
BF | |||||||
HBBS | 21.07 ± 11.22 | 24.00 ± 13.34 | 28.06 ± 16.01 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
LBBS | 20.58 ± 10.39 | 23.68 ± 12.77 | 26.15 ± 13.14 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
p-value | 0.484 | 0.670 | 0.033 |
Muscle | 50% | 60% | 70% | p-Value | Post Hoc Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50% vs. 60% | 50% vs. 70% | 60% vs. 70% | |||||
RA | |||||||
HBBS | 2.08 ± 1.64 | 2.28 ± 1.91 | 2.63 ± 2.05 | <0.001 † | 0.151 * | <0.001 * | 0.021 * |
LBBS | 2.37 ± 2.11 | 2.50 ± 2.16 | 2.72 ± 2.05 | 0.019 † | 0.158 * | 0.010 * | 0.042 * |
p-value | 0.084 * | 0.044 * | 0.316 * | ||||
TrA | |||||||
HBBS | 8.52 ± 5.38 | 9.03 ± 5.61 | 11.75 ± 8.21 | <0.001 † | 0.345 * | <0.001 * | 0.002 * |
LBBS | 9.76 ± 6.72 | 13.83 ± 19.64 | 15.07 ± 18.47 | 0.002 † | 0.034 * | 0.003 * | 0.179 * |
p-value | 0.210 * | 0.015 * | 0.210 * | ||||
EO | |||||||
HBBS | 8.16 ± 4.95 | 8.66 ± 4.67 | 10.41 ± 5.98 | <0.001 † | 0.210 * | <0.001 * | 0.001 * |
LBBS | 9.31 ± 6.61 | 10.22 ± 6.76 | 11.19 ± 6.19 | 0.001 † | 0.012 * | 0.003 * | 0.092 * |
p-value | 0.295 * | 0.068 * | 0.040 * | ||||
ES | |||||||
HBBS | 21.00 ± 11.27 | 22.60 ± 11.08 | 28.47 ± 14.53 | <0.001 | 0.806 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
LBBS | 25.23 ± 13.46 | 29.63 ± 14.63 | 31.15 ± 13.25 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.949 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.085 |
Muscle | 50% | 60% | 70% | p-Value | Post Hoc Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50% vs. 60% | 50% vs. 70% | 60% vs. 70% | |||||
RA | |||||||
HBBS | 2.43 ± 1.74 | 2.77 ± 1.96 | 3.22 ± 2.14 | <0.001 † | 0.010 * | <0.001 * | 0.101 * |
LBBS | 2.87 ± 2.05 | 3.32 ± 2.00 | 3.39 ± 2.22 | 0.005 † | 0.031 * | 0.025 * | 0.699 * |
p-value | 0.013 * | 0.004 * | 0.080 * | ||||
TrA | |||||||
HBBS | 11.62 ± 9.47 | 11.84 ± 7.83 | 15.86 ± 11.54 | <0.001 † | 0.311 * | <0.001 * | 0.001 * |
LBBS | 13.96 ± 11.87 | 15.39 ± 11.72 | 17.41 ± 13.53 | <0.001 † | 0.008 * | <0.001 * | 0.255 * |
p-value | 0.179 * | 0.001 * | 0.068 * | ||||
EO | |||||||
HBBS | 10.11 ± 7.23 | 10.62 ± 6.56 | 13.44 ± 9.28 | <0.001 † | 0.284 * | <0.001 * | 0.001 * |
LBBS | 10.24 ± 6.57 | 12.26 ± 8.64 | 14.76 ± 10.35 | <0.001 † | 0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.002 * |
p-value | 0.187 * | 0.088 * | 0.064 * | ||||
ES | |||||||
HBBS | 20.84 ± 11.37 | 21.16 ± 9.55 | 26.58 ± 14.51 | <0.001 † | 0.246 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
LBBS | 22.85 ± 11.61 | 26.45 ± 14.56 | 30.75 ± 12.63 | <0.001 † | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.003 * |
p-value | 0.036 * | 0.004 * | 0.043 * |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | |
---|---|
Age (year) | 28.71 ± 3.10 |
Height (m) | 1.74 ± 0.06 |
Weight (kg) | 75.00 ± 12.90 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.66 ± 3.53 |
Training experience (year) | 1.82 ± 0.82 |
1 RM (kg) | 101.43 ± 14.84 |
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Park, J.-H.; Lee, S.-J.; Shin, H.-J.; Cho, H.-Y. Influence of Loads and Loading Position on the Muscle Activity of the Trunk and Lower Extremity during Squat Exercise. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013480
Park J-H, Lee S-J, Shin H-J, Cho H-Y. Influence of Loads and Loading Position on the Muscle Activity of the Trunk and Lower Extremity during Squat Exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(20):13480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013480
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Ju-Hyung, Seung-Jea Lee, Ho-Jin Shin, and Hwi-Young Cho. 2022. "Influence of Loads and Loading Position on the Muscle Activity of the Trunk and Lower Extremity during Squat Exercise" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20: 13480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013480