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Volume 19
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Concept Paper

Emerging Zoonotic Infections, Social Processes and Their Measurement and Enhanced Surveillance to Improve Zoonotic Epidemic Responses: A “Big Events” Perspective

by
Samuel R. Friedman
1,2,*,
Ashly E. Jordan
2,
David C. Perlman
2,3,
Georgios K. Nikolopoulos
4 and
Pedro Mateu-Gelabert
2,5
1
Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
2
Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research, New York, NY 10003, USA
3
Department of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY 10003, USA
4
Medical School, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
5
Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY 10027, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(2), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020995
Submission received: 22 November 2021 / Revised: 23 December 2021 / Accepted: 10 January 2022 / Published: 17 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Human Concepts in Environmental and Public Health)
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Abstract

Zoonotic epidemics and pandemics have become frequent. From HIV/AIDS through COVID-19, they demonstrate that pandemics are social processes as well as health occurrences. The roots of these pandemics lie in changes in the socioeconomic interface between humanity and non-human host species that facilitate interspecies transmission. The degree to which zoonoses spread has been increased by the greater speed and extent of modern transportation and trade. Pre-existing sociopolitical and economic structures and conflicts in societies also affect pathogen propagation. As an epidemic develops, it can itself become a social and political factor, and change and interact with pre-existing sociobehavioral norms and institutional structures. This paper uses a “Big Events” approach to frame these processes. Based on this framework, we discuss how social readiness surveys implemented both before and during an outbreak might help public health predict how overall systems might react to an epidemic and/or to disease control measures, and thus might inform interventions to mitigate potential adverse outcomes or possibly preventing outbreaks from developing into epidemics. We conclude by considering what “pathways measures”, in addition to those we and others have already developed, might usefully be developed and validated to assist outbreak and epidemic disease responses.
Keywords: zoonoses; big events; surveillance; sociobehavioral surveys zoonoses; big events; surveillance; sociobehavioral surveys

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MDPI and ACS Style

Friedman, S.R.; Jordan, A.E.; Perlman, D.C.; Nikolopoulos, G.K.; Mateu-Gelabert, P. Emerging Zoonotic Infections, Social Processes and Their Measurement and Enhanced Surveillance to Improve Zoonotic Epidemic Responses: A “Big Events” Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020995

AMA Style

Friedman SR, Jordan AE, Perlman DC, Nikolopoulos GK, Mateu-Gelabert P. Emerging Zoonotic Infections, Social Processes and Their Measurement and Enhanced Surveillance to Improve Zoonotic Epidemic Responses: A “Big Events” Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020995

Chicago/Turabian Style

Friedman, Samuel R., Ashly E. Jordan, David C. Perlman, Georgios K. Nikolopoulos, and Pedro Mateu-Gelabert. 2022. "Emerging Zoonotic Infections, Social Processes and Their Measurement and Enhanced Surveillance to Improve Zoonotic Epidemic Responses: A “Big Events” Perspective" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020995

APA Style

Friedman, S. R., Jordan, A. E., Perlman, D. C., Nikolopoulos, G. K., & Mateu-Gelabert, P. (2022). Emerging Zoonotic Infections, Social Processes and Their Measurement and Enhanced Surveillance to Improve Zoonotic Epidemic Responses: A “Big Events” Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020995

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