Social, Economic and Human Capital: Risk or Protective Factors in Sexual Violence?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Sexual Violence
2.2.2. Social, Economic and Human Capital
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis Prevalence of Sexual Aggression
3.2. Definition of the Neural Network
3.3. Lattice Analysis
3.3.1. Protective Networks
3.3.2. Risk Networks
4. Discussion
4.1. Social, Economic and Human Capital as a Protective Effect for Sexual Violence
4.2. Social, Human and Economic Capital as Risk Factors in Sexual Victimization
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | % |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
15 to 19 years | 384 | 23.1 |
20 to 25 years | 656 | 39.4 |
26 to 30 years | 625 | 37.5 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 1496 | 89.8 |
Married | 138 | 8.3 |
Civil union | 15 | 0.9 |
Separated | 9 | 0.5 |
Divorced | 5 | 0.3 |
Widowed | 2 | 0.1 |
Educational level | ||
No studies | 2 | 0.1 |
Grade school | 84 | 5.0 |
Secondary school | 792 | 47.6 |
Technical professional | 273 | 16.4 |
University education | 506 | 30.4 |
Post-graduate studies | 6 | 0.4 |
Socio-economic level | ||
High | 128 | 7.7 |
Medium | 688 | 41.3 |
Low | 849 | 51.0 |
Variable | Never | Once Per Week | Once Per Month | Once Per Year |
---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | |
How often do you see or communicate with…? | ||||
Immediate family | 1.9 (32) | 90.2 (1502) | 5.3 (88) | 2.4 (40) |
People I consider family | 7.7 (129) | 77.7 (1293) | 12.1 (202) | 2.1 (35) |
Friends | 6.6 (110) | 73.8 (1228) | 16.5 (275) | 2.8 (47) |
Neighbors | 24.1 (401) | 55.3 (921) | 15.6 (259) | 4.9 (81) |
Religious communities | 69 (1149) | 14.4 (239) | 6.6 (110) | 9.6 (160) |
Others | 75.7 (1260) | 9.3 (155) | 3.5 (58) | 1.2 (20) |
Variable | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Indifferent | In Agreement | Totally Agree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | ||
It is more appropriate for the man to be recognized as the head of the household. | 29.2 (485) | 48.8 (809) | 6.8 (113) | 12.2 (203) | 2.9 (49) |
Men should be responsible for family and household expenses. | 25 (414) | 43 (713) | 6.4 (106) | 19.7 (326) | 6 (100) |
Women should be responsible for the care of children instead of men. | 30.1 (500) | 51.9 (862) | 5.4 (89) | 9.9 (165) | 2.7 (45) |
Doing household chores (cleaning, washing, ironing, cooking) is a task more suitable for women than for men. | 36.4 (604) | 51.3 (852) | 4.5 (75) | 5.9 (98) | 1.9 (31) |
A wife/partner should not contradict her husband’s/partner’s opinion. | 39.9 (662) | 49.4 (819) | 3.4 (57) | 5.8 (97) | 1.4 (24) |
A woman may participate in a social activity, even if she does not have her husband’s/partner’s approval. | 5.5 (91) | 11.7 (193) | 2.2 (37) | 43.3 (716) | 37.3 (618) |
A woman can choose her friends, even if her husband does not like it. | 3.9 (65) | 7.6 (125) | 1.8 (30) | 44.7 (740) | 42 (694) |
A woman’s dress and make-up must be approved by her husband/partner. | 38.8 (645) | 52.5 (873) | 2.6 (43) | 4.5 (74) | 1.6 (27) |
A woman should have sexual relations with her husband/partner, even if she does not want to. | 52.4 (869) | 45.5 (755) | 1 (16) | 1 (16) | 0.2 (3) |
A woman should avoid dressing provocatively in order to avoid harassment. | 37.1 (615) | 48.2 (799) | 3.5 (58) | 8.5 (141) | 2.8 (46) |
Women should accept abuse for the sake of the family and their children. | 53.6 (891) | 44.6 (740) | 0.8 (13) | 0.9 (15) | 0.1 (2) |
If there are blows or mistreatment in the house, it is a matter to be solved in the family. | 35.3 (580) | 40.2 (660) | 3.4 (56) | 17.5 (287) | 3.7 (60) |
It is acceptable for a man to assault his partner in case of infidelity. | 55.4 (921) | 43.3 (719) | 0.8 (13) | 0.4 (6) | 0.2 (3) |
Variables | Sexual Violation in Public Spaces | in Work Spaces | in Partnerships | in Educational Spaces |
---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-economic level | 0.448 | −0.372 | −0.483 | −0.057 |
Educational level | 0.485 | 0.441 | −0.081 | 0.049 |
Family networks | 0.426 | −1.191 | −0.384 | −0.472 |
Family similar networks | −0.092 | 1.411 | 0.206 | −0.517 |
Friend networks | 0.713 | 0.078 | −0.567 | 0.866 |
Neighborhood networks | −0.244 | −0.289 | −0.392 | −0.518 |
Religious org. networks | −0.275 | −0.101 | 0.058 | 0.176 |
Other networks | 0.051 | 0.822 | 0.464 | 0.454 |
Partner educational level | −0.100 | 0.471 | 0.652 | 0.368 |
Economic dependence | 0.058 | 0.013 | 0.514 | −0.748 |
Sexual stereotypes | 0.064 | −0.238 | −0.144 | −0.597 |
Factor | Degree | Closeness |
---|---|---|
Neighborhood networks | 1.00 | 0.89 |
Socio-economic level | 0.75 | 0.77 |
Family network | 0.75 | 0.77 |
Sexual stereotypes | 0.75 | 0.77 |
Similar family networks | 0.50 | 0.69 |
Religious organization networks | 0.50 | 0.65 |
Education networks | 0.25 | 0.59 |
Friend network | 0.25 | 0.59 |
Economic dependency | 0.25 | 0.59 |
Partner educational level | 0.25 | 0.53 |
Other networks | 0.00 | 0.34 |
Partner sexual violence | 0.55 | 0.59 |
Sexual violence in educational sphere | 0.55 | 0.59 |
Sexual violence in work place | 0.45 | 0.55 |
Sexual violence in public places | 0.36 | 0.52 |
Factor | Degree | Closeness |
---|---|---|
Other networks | 1.00 | 0.89 |
Educational level | 0.75 | 0.83 |
Friend networks | 0.75 | 0.83 |
Economic dependency | 0.75 | 0.83 |
Educational level of partner | 0.75 | 0.69 |
Similar family networks | 0.50 | 0.65 |
Religious organizations network | 0.50 | 0.65 |
Socio-economic level | 0.25 | 0.62 |
Family network | 0.25 | 0.62 |
Sexual stereotypes | 0.25 | 0.62 |
Neighborhood network | 0.00 | 0.34 |
Sexual violence in public spaces | 0.64 | 0.63 |
Sexual violence in work spaces | 0.55 | 0.59 |
Sexual violence in partnerships | 0.45 | 0.55 |
Sexual violence in educational spaces | 0.45 | 0.55 |
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Ilabaca Baeza, P.; Gaete Fiscella, J.M.; Hatibovic Díaz, F.; Roman Alonso, H. Social, Economic and Human Capital: Risk or Protective Factors in Sexual Violence? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020777
Ilabaca Baeza P, Gaete Fiscella JM, Hatibovic Díaz F, Roman Alonso H. Social, Economic and Human Capital: Risk or Protective Factors in Sexual Violence? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020777
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlabaca Baeza, Paola, José Manuel Gaete Fiscella, Fuad Hatibovic Díaz, and Helena Roman Alonso. 2022. "Social, Economic and Human Capital: Risk or Protective Factors in Sexual Violence?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020777