Does Seasonal Influenza Related Hospital Occupancy Surge Impact Hospital Staff Sickness Presenteeism and Productivity Costs?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Seasonal Influenza Flu Surge and Staff Presenteeism in Metropolitan Hospitals
1.2. Hong Kong Hospital Cluster Division and Nurse Workforce
1.3. Productivity Loss Costs, Influenza and Staff Presenteeism
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Frame
2.2. Survey Administration and Collection Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analyses
2.4.1. Presenteeism Prevalence
2.4.2. Association between Presenteeism and Workload
2.4.3. Productivity Costing
3. Results
3.1. Nurse Presenteeism Prevalence
3.2. Association between Workload and Nurse Presenteeism
3.3. Productivity Lost Costs of Nurses in Different Health States
4. Discussion
4.1. Workload and Presenteeism
4.2. Hong Kong Nurse Presenteeism Productivity Costs Highest Worldwide
4.3. Low Productivity Levels across Different Health States
4.4. Implications for Hospital Management and Human Resources Managers
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Questions/Health States | How Many Times during the Last Year Have You Gone to Work When You Should Have Been on Sick Leave Due to Your Health Condition? (1—Never, 2—Once, 3—2 to 5 Times, 4—>5 Times) | Miss an Entire/Part of Work Day Because of Problems with Your Physical or Mental Health? |
---|---|---|
Healthy | 1 | 0 |
Sickness Presenteeism | >1 | 0 |
Sick Leave | 1,2,3,4 (anything) | >0 |
Healthy and Sickness Presenteeism Measure self-rated productivity (a) by item “How would you rate your overall job performance on the days you worked during the past 4 weeks (28 days)? (0—worst performance, 10—best performance)” Convert the above item to percentage productivity loss: (10 − a) × 10 = x% Discount monthly median salary by percentage productivity loss: monthly salary × x% Sick Leave—USD productivity loss remaining days worked Measure self-rated productivity (a) by item “How would you rate your overall job performance on the days you worked during the past 4 weeks (28 days)? (0—worst performance, 10—best performance)” Convert the above item to % productivity loss: (10 − a) × 10 = x% Measure number of days sick leave by 2 items “ Miss an entire work day because of problems with your physical or mental health?” and “Miss part of a work day because of problems with your physical or mental health?” Discount monthly median salary by % productivity loss: monthly salary / 30 days × days not on leave × x% |
Characteristics | H1 n = 824 (rr: 71.9%) n (%) | H2 n = 835 (rr: 61.1%) n (%) | H3 n = 1379 (rr: 64.3%) n (%) | P Value between Hospital Differences |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 95 (11.5) | 133 (15.9) | 192 (13.9) | 0.034 * |
Female | 729 (88.5) | 702 (84.1) | 1187 (86.1) | |
Age Group | ||||
≤30 | 226 (28.4) | 285 (35.1) | 507 (38.3) | <0.001 ** |
31–40 | 196 (24.6) | 235 (28.9) | 265 (20.0) | |
41–50 | 263 (33.0) | 189 (23.3) | 357 (26.9) | |
≥51 | 111 (13.9) | 103 (12.7) | 196 (14.8) | |
Educational Qualifications | ||||
Certificate/diploma | 72 (9.1) | 65 (8.2) | 111 (8.6) | <0.001 ** |
Associate diploma/higher diploma | 47 (6.0) | 40 (5.1) | 176 (13.6) | |
Bachelor’s degree | 432 (54.8) | 436 (55.1) | 582 (45.1) | |
Postgraduate degree | 237 (30.1) | 251 (31.7) | 422 (32.7) | |
Rank | ||||
Junior staff (EN) | 51 (6.2) | 63 (7.5) | 96 (7.0) | 0.393 |
Junior staff (RN) | 566 (68.7) | 579 (69.3) | 959 (69.5) | |
Middle management (APN/NC) | 172 (20.9) | 146 (17.5) | 248 (18.0) | |
Senior management (WM/DOM) | 35 (4.2) | 47 (5.6) | 76 (5.5) | |
Working Schedule | ||||
Shift schedule | 664 (82.8) | 652 (79.5) | 1044 (77.6) | 0.015 * |
Regular schedule (9 am–6 pm) | 138 (17.2) | 168 (20.5) | 302 (22.4) | |
Main Working Location | ||||
A&E | 46 (5.9) | 68 (8.3) | 46 (3.4) | <0.001 ** |
GOPC/SOPC | 48 (6.1) | 49 (6.0) | 125 (9.3) | |
Medicine a | 309 (39.6) | 384 (46.8) | 536 (39.8) | |
Surgery b | 303 (38.8) | 208 (25.4) | 481 (35.7) | |
Others c | 75 (9.6) | 111 (13.5) | 159 (11.8) | |
Self-Rated Health (n (%)) | ||||
Poor (score: 1,2) | 334 (40.5) | 338 (40.5) | 541 (39.2) | 0.011 * |
Normal (score: 3) | 232 (28.2) | 212 (25.4) | 428 (31.0) | |
Good (score: 4,5) | 244 (29.6) | 281 (33.7) | 397 (28.8) | |
Missing | 14 (1.7) | 4 (0.5) | 13 (0.9) | |
Number of Sick Leave Days (mean(sd)) | 0.64 (2.13) | 0.65 (3.02) | 0.54 (2.01) | 0.593 |
Nurse Self-Reported Presenteeism and Productivity | n = 3038 (rr: 71.9%) n (%) |
---|---|
Presenteeism Frequency | |
“How many times during the last year have you gone to work when you should have been on sick leave due to your health condition?” | |
Never | 352 (11.8) |
Once | 508 (17.0) |
2–5times | 1440 (48.2) |
>5 times | 689 (23.1) |
n (sd) | |
Self-rated Productivity a | 6.61 (1.57) |
Hospital-Level Risk Factor | Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) Regression Adjusted OR (95% CI) a,b,c | Conventional Logistic Regression Adjusted OR (95% CI) b |
---|---|---|
Occupancy z-score | 1.19 * (1.05–1.35) | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) |
Health States of Nurses | On-the-Job Productivity Loss (%) a | Mean Sick Leave (days) | Sick Leave Costs (USD) b | Productivity Loss (USD) b |
---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy | 32.6 | - | - | 1983 |
Presenteeism | 33.0 | - | - | 2008 |
Took Sick leave | 37.4 | 2.56 | 622 | 2081 |
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Lui, J.N.M.; Andres, E.B.; Johnston, J.M. Does Seasonal Influenza Related Hospital Occupancy Surge Impact Hospital Staff Sickness Presenteeism and Productivity Costs? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020769
Lui JNM, Andres EB, Johnston JM. Does Seasonal Influenza Related Hospital Occupancy Surge Impact Hospital Staff Sickness Presenteeism and Productivity Costs? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020769
Chicago/Turabian StyleLui, Juliana Nga Man, Ellie Bostwick Andres, and Janice Mary Johnston. 2022. "Does Seasonal Influenza Related Hospital Occupancy Surge Impact Hospital Staff Sickness Presenteeism and Productivity Costs?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020769