Feasibility of Biochar Derived from Sewage Sludge to Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Mitigate GHG Emissions—A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Importance of SS as Feedstock for Biochar Production
3. SSB Production and Characterization
4. Characteristics of SSB
4.1. PH
4.2. Elemental Composition
5. Sewage Sludge Biochar as Soil Amendment
6. Comparison between SSB and Sewage Sludge Compost (SSC) for Agricultural Purposes
6.1. Nutrient Status
6.2. Plant Growth
6.3. Heavy Metals and Pesticides
6.4. Organic Pollutants
6.5. Processing
7. Importance of SS Conversion from the Perspective of GHG Emission Concerns
7.1. SSB Potential to Reduce GHG Emissions
7.2. Comparison between SSB and Other SS Methods for Managing GHG Emissions
7.2.1. Landfilling
7.2.2. Incineration
7.2.3. Composting
7.2.4. Industrial Recovery
8. Socio-Economic Potential of SSB
9. Approximate Prediction of Global SS and CO2-eq Emissions from it in 2050
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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PT (°C) | Yield (%) | Ash (%) | P | K | Ca | Mg | C | H | N | O | O/C | H/C | C/N | pH | EC (ds cm−1) | SSA (m2 g−1) | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg g−1) | ||||||||||||||||||
SS | - | - | 32.8–76.14 | 3.4–28.4 | 0.54–2.05 | 4.04–7.4 | 0.57–4.1 | 21.6–33.2 | 1.24–5.2 | 1.32–5.74 | 4.4–22.5 | - | - | - | 5.87–7.39 | 2.2–4.7 | 1.1–7.6 | [42,49,50] |
SSB | 300 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 18.6 | - | 3.1 | - | - | - | 6.00 | 8.65 | - | - | [51] |
SSB | 300 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 22.1 | - | 2.9 | - | - | - | 7.62 | 7.84 | - | - | [51] |
SSB | 500 | - | - | 41.1 | 1.61 | 9.71 | 4.32 | 23.4 | - | 3.3 | - | - | - | 7.09 | 6 | - | - | [52] |
SSB | 300 | 64.3 | 37.4 | 10.4 | 2.25 | 5.33 | 1.35 | 17.1 | 10.3 | 6.2 | 13.4 | 0.78 | 0.60 | 2.76 | 6.2 | 3.3 | 2.88 | [53] |
SSB | 400 | 56.5 | 49.2 | 11.5 | 2.48 | 5.59 | 1.42 | 15.1 | 9.1 | 4.9 | 7.15 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 3.08 | 7.5 | 0.4 | 7.56 | [53] |
SSB | 500 | 55.3 | 57.4 | 16.6 | 2.75 | 6.01 | 1.68 | 30.1 | 7.7 | 4.3 | 5.91 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 7.00 | 8.1 | 0.5 | 10.8 | [53] |
SSB | 600 | 53.4 | 63.2 | 18.2 | 2.83 | 6.45 | 2.24 | 26.5 | 7.1 | 3.5 | 5.29 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 7.57 | 10.8 | 0.3 | 12.2 | [53] |
SSB | 700 | 46.6 | 66.6 | 20.1 | 2.91 | 7.8 | 2.56 | 27.2 | 6.9 | 3.1 | 1.63 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 8.77 | 11.9 | 1.3 | 18.3 | [53] |
SSB | 800 | 42.8 | 68.3 | 19.1 | 3.43 | 8.55 | 2.85 | 26.8 | 6.7 | 2.5 | 1.24 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 10.7 | 11.7 | 0.7 | 19.1 | [53] |
SSB | 900 | 42.2 | 71.2 | 19.5 | 3.35 | 9.14 | 3.19 | 29.2 | 6.6 | 1.2 | 1.16 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 24.3 | 11.4 | 0.4 | 34.2 | [53] |
SSB | 450 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | - | - | - | - | 8.25 | 1.6 | - | [54] |
SSB | 300 | - | - | 42.6 | 2.1 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 21.5 | 9.3 | 5.4 | - | - | 0.43 | 3.98 | - | - | 4.1 | [55] |
SSB | 400 | - | - | 58.8 | 2.4 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 27.5 | 8.1 | 4.4 | - | - | 0.29 | 6.25 | - | - | 8.7 | [55] |
SSB | 500 | - | - | 59.5 | 2.4 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 26.7 | 7.9 | 3.7 | - | - | 0.30 | 7.22 | - | - | 10.2 | [55] |
SSB | 600 | - | - | 57.6 | 2.8 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 26.1 | 7.3 | 3.4 | - | - | 0.28 | 7.68 | - | - | 6.3 | [55] |
SSB | 500 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.7 | - | - | - | - | 8.5 | 5.5 | - | [54] |
SSB | 500 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 26.3 | - | 2.6 | - | - | - | 10.1 | 7.06 | 0.5 | - | [56] |
SSB | 300 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 22.2 | 8.1 | 3.1 | - | - | 0.36 | 7.16 | 8.8 | - | 15.6 | [49] |
SSB | 400 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 24.3 | 7.7 | 3.1 | - | - | 0.32 | 7.84 | 8.9 | - | 16.3 | [49] |
SSB | 500 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20.1 | 7.1 | 2.3 | - | - | 0.35 | 8.74 | 9.3 | - | 9.43 | [49] |
SSB | 600 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 22.6 | 6.4 | 1.3 | - | - | 0.28 | 17.4 | 10.7 | - | 24.7 | [49] |
SSB | 350 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.72 | 3.04 | - | [57] |
SSB | 300 | 91.1 | 83.2 | - | - | - | - | 7.53 | 6.78 | 1.3 | 7.13 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 5.79 | 6.43 | - | 5.11 | [50] |
SSB | 500 | 85.7 | 87.9 | - | - | - | - | 5.63 | 6.48 | 0.7 | 5.21 | 0.93 | 1.15 | 8.04 | 6.96 | - | 15.2 | [50] |
SSB | 700 | 81.2 | 91.9 | - | - | - | - | 3.96 | 6.29 | 0.4 | 3.36 | 0.85 | 1.59 | 9.90 | 10.5 | - | 13.6 | [50] |
SSB | 450 | - | - | 58.2 | 1.78 | - | - | 28.1 | - | 3.2 | - | - | - | 8.78 | 7.22 | 1.73 | - | [58] |
SSB | 450 | - | - | 11.1 | 3.01 | 19.9 | 3.59 | 26.2 | - | 1.7 | - | - | - | 15.4 | 8.54 | 1.1 | - | [59] |
SSB | 500 | - | - | 29.2 | 8.01 | - | - | 26.1 | - | 2.1 | - | - | - | 12.4 | 8.06 | - | - | [60] |
SSB | 500 | 54.3 | 73.6 | 54.1 | 9.21 | 8.27 | 0.94 | 18.9 | 6.72 | 2.7 | 4.08 | 0.22 | 0.36 | 7.00 | 7.13 | - | 31.8 | [42] |
SSB | 600 | 51.3 | 77.8 | 59.2 | 10.1 | 9.18 | 1.08 | 18.4 | 6.38 | 2.2 | 1.91 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 8.36 | 11.1 | - | 24.1 | [42] |
SSB | 700 | 48.7 | 79.1 | 63.1 | 10.9 | 9.71 | 1.13 | 18.1 | 6.24 | 1.2 | 0.68 | 0.04 | 0.34 | 15.1 | 12.2 | - | 54.1 | [42] |
SSB | 500 | 50.4 | 68.1 | 58.8 | 14.1 | 6.75 | 1.47 | 23.1 | 6.77 | 3.6 | 4.41 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 6.42 | 7.08 | - | 16.3 | [42] |
SSB | 600 | 46.4 | 70.3 | 64.8 | 15.5 | 6.02 | 1.65 | 23.7 | 6.44 | 3.3 | 2.29 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 7.18 | 11.4 | - | 9.01 | [42] |
SSB | 700 | 43.7 | 74.3 | 68.6 | 16.4 | 7.42 | 1.78 | 22.8 | 6.33 | 2.2 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 10.36 | 12.4 | - | 29.9 | [42] |
SSB | 500 | 54.4 | 69.1 | 54.7 | 12.5 | 1.2 | 1.13 | 22.4 | 6.67 | 3.1 | 4.94 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 7.23 | 7.17 | - | 34.2 | [42] |
SSB | 600 | 51.1 | 70.2 | 53.1 | 13.4 | 1.14 | 1.25 | 22.5 | 6.63 | 2.7 | 4.02 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 8.33 | 11.3 | - | 16.2 | [42] |
SSB | 700 | 49.5 | 72.1 | 56.1 | 13.4 | 1.2 | 1.27 | 21.7 | 6.56 | 2.4 | 3.34 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 9.04 | 12.4 | - | 9.21 | [42] |
SSB | 500 | 45.1 | 64.1 | 96.1 | 1.06 | 1.02 | 3.29 | 26.6 | 7.08 | 3.9 | 4.29 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 6.82 | 7.25 | - | 35.7 | [42] |
SSB | 600 | 43.2 | 63.9 | 92.2 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 2.57 | 27.7 | 6.82 | 3.8 | 3.89 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 7.29 | 8.05 | - | 16.2 | [42] |
SSB | 700 | 40.2 | 68.1 | 95.1 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 2.44 | 27.9 | 6.48 | 2.9 | 0.79 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 9.62 | 13.1 | - | 18.1 | [42] |
SSB | 400 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 25.9 | - | 3.6 | - | - | - | 7.19 | 7.18 | 0.67 | - | [56] |
Min | - | 40.2 | 37.4 | 10.4 | 1.06 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 3.96 | 6.24 | 0.4 | 0.31 | 0.014 | 0.23 | 2.76 | 6 | 0.3 | 2.88 | |
Max | - | 91.1 | 91.9 | 96.1 | 16.4 | 19.9 | 9.3 | 30.1 | 10.3 | 6.2 | 13.4 | 0.95 | 1.59 | 24.3 | 13.1 | 5.5 | 54.1 | |
Mean | - | 54.4 | 69.4 | 47.8 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 3.1 | 22.4 | 7.2 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 0.41 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 1.5 | 17.6 |
Effects | References | |
---|---|---|
Effects on soil properties | ↑ enzyme activity | [47] |
↑ pH, N, C, ↓ bioavailable As, Cr, Co, Ni, and Pb (but not Cd, Cu, and Zn) | [58] | |
↑ N, P, K | [67] | |
↑ pH, EC ↓ heavy metal uptake (Pb, Zn) | [59] | |
↑ N, C, P, amount of heavy metals but with low availability | [68] | |
↑ P, Mg, CEC, base saturation | [69] | |
↑ P, EC, pH | [54] | |
↑ pH, N, C, efficiency of microbial C use, ↓ content of Pb, Cd | [56] | |
↑ pH, EC, enzyme activity, the concentrations of bacteria, fungi, ammonia-oxidizing archaea, and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, immobilization of Cr, Ni, and Cd | [70] | |
↑ C, soil microbial biomass, ↓ mobility of Cd, | [60] | |
↑ C, N, P, K | [38] | |
↑ water retention, P sorption | [71] | |
↑ field capacity, wilting point, available water in coarse- and medium-textured soils ↓ bulk density | [72] | |
↑ C, N, P | [73] | |
Effects on plant growth | ↑ shoot biomass, grain yield of rice Oryza sativa L. | [58,74] |
↑ growth and yield of garlic Allium sativum L. | [66] | |
↑ growth and yield of Chinese cabbage | [75] | |
↑ turf grass growth | [68] | |
↑ corn yield | [59,69] | |
↑ biomass of Poa pratensis L. | [56] | |
↑ biomass and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) | [54] | |
↑ biomass of Chinese cabbage | [76] | |
↑ grain yield of rice; no change in grain yield of wheat | [60] | |
↑ dry weight of the aboveground (stems) and belowground (roots) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.); the yield was not increased significantly | [73] | |
Effects on GHGs emissions | ↓ or ↑ CO2 emission depending on pyrolysis temp. | [57,77] |
↓ N2O emission and ↑ CH4 uptake | [58] | |
↓ CO2 and N2O emission in fertilized soils | [78] | |
↓ CH4 and N2O emissions | [60] |
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Ghorbani, M.; Konvalina, P.; Walkiewicz, A.; Neugschwandtner, R.W.; Kopecký, M.; Zamanian, K.; Chen, W.-H.; Bucur, D. Feasibility of Biochar Derived from Sewage Sludge to Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Mitigate GHG Emissions—A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912983
Ghorbani M, Konvalina P, Walkiewicz A, Neugschwandtner RW, Kopecký M, Zamanian K, Chen W-H, Bucur D. Feasibility of Biochar Derived from Sewage Sludge to Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Mitigate GHG Emissions—A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912983
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhorbani, Mohammad, Petr Konvalina, Anna Walkiewicz, Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner, Marek Kopecký, Kazem Zamanian, Wei-Hsin Chen, and Daniel Bucur. 2022. "Feasibility of Biochar Derived from Sewage Sludge to Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Mitigate GHG Emissions—A Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912983