Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Coping with Secondary Trauma
1.2. Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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M | SD | Min | Max | St. Sk | St. Ku | α | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Secondary traumatic stress | |||||||
NACMR | 2.02 | 0.74 | 1.00 | 4.60 | 5.33 ** | 1.08 | 0.88 |
Intrusions | 1.89 | 0.71 | 1.00 | 4.80 | 7.03 ** | 3.71 ** | 0.77 |
Avoidance | 1.63 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 4.50 | 9.84 ** | 4.80 ** | 0.70 |
STSS | 1.94 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 4.24 | 5.79 ** | 1.50 | 0.91 |
Coping mechanisms | |||||||
Acceptance | 2.75 | 0.56 | 1.25 | 4.00 | −1.16 | −0.59 | 0.68 |
Active coping | 2.88 | 0.41 | 1.75 | 4.00 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.32 |
Behavioral disengagement | 1.64 | 0.48 | 1.00 | 3.50 | 2.97 ** | −0.05 | 0.68 |
Denial | 1.45 | 0.51 | 1.00 | 3.50 | 8.69 ** | 5.55 ** | 0.78 |
Emotional social support | 2.84 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 4.00 | −1.74 | −1.10 | 0.81 |
Humor | 2.31 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 1.51 | −2.44 * | 0.89 |
Instrumental social support | 2.91 | 0.54 | 1.25 | 4.00 | −1.40 | −0.79 | 0.68 |
Mental disengagement | 2.34 | 0.55 | 1.00 | 3.75 | −0.93 | −0.81 | 0.49 |
Planning | 3.15 | 0.49 | 1.50 | 4.00 | −0.88 | 1.09 | 0.77 |
Positive reinterpretation and growth | 3.13 | 0.45 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 0.06 | −0.81 | 0.64 |
Religious coping | 1.68 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 8.08 ** | 0.94 | 0.94 |
Restraint | 2.67 | 0.53 | 1.00 | 4.00 | −2.19 * | 1.32 | 0.51 |
Substance use | 1.39 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 4.00 | 13.03 ** | 11.64 ** | 0.96 |
Suppression of competing activities | 2.61 | 0.51 | 1.00 | 4.00 | −2.74 ** | 1.63 | 0.62 |
Venting of emotions | 2.30 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 3.75 | 1.15 | −0.93 | 0.78 |
STSS | NACMR | In | Av | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acceptance | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.06 | −0.10 |
Active coping | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.07 |
Behavioral disengagement | 0.25 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.15 * | 0.016 ** |
Denial | 0.21 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.10 |
Emotional social support | −0.03 | 0.00 | −0.05 | −0.10 |
Humor | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.03 |
Instrumental social support | −0.04 | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.17 ** |
Mental disengagement | 0.30 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.17 ** |
Planning | −0.12 * | −0.11 | −0.08 | −0.16 ** |
Positive reinterpretation and growth | −0.14 * | −0.11 | −0.15 * | −0.17 ** |
Religious coping | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.15 * | 0.04 |
Restraint | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
Substance use | 0.29 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.27 ** |
Suppression of competing activities | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.13 * | −0.00 |
Venting of emotions | 0.27 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.02 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | h2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Planning | 0.94 | −0.02 | −0.08 | −0.16 | 0.79 |
Active coping | 0.68 | 0.04 | 0.08 | −0.05 | 0.46 |
Suppression of competing activities | 0.63 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.52 |
Positive reinterpretation and growth | 0.58 | 0.08 | −0.14 | 0.10 | 0.45 |
Emotional social support | −0.07 | 0.98 | −0.07 | 0.03 | 0.92 |
Instrumental social support | 0.23 | 0.66 | 0.01 | −0.11 | 0.57 |
Venting of emotions | −0.03 | 0.42 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.33 |
Denial | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.83 | −0.15 | 0.59 |
Religious coping | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.59 | −0.18 | 0.28 |
Behavioral disengagement | −0.22 | 0.01 | 0.55 | 0.22 | 0.48 |
Mental disengagement | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.32 |
Acceptance | 0.18 | 0.00 | −0.21 | 0.61 | 0.41 |
Humor | 0.08 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.58 | 0.38 |
Substance use | −0.20 | 0.05 | −0.12 | 0.47 | 0.16 |
Restraint | 0.35 | −0.11 | 0.07 | 0.39 | 0.36 |
λ | 3.00 | 2.24 | 1.81 | 2.18 |
Factor | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Problem-focused coping | 0.80 | 0.41 ** | 0.02 | 0.38 ** |
2. Socially supported emotion-focused coping | 0.73 | 0.09 | 0.30 ** | |
3. Avoidant coping | 0.62 | 0.46 ** | ||
4. Passive coping | 0.58 |
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Vukčević Marković, M.; Živanović, M. Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912881
Vukčević Marković M, Živanović M. Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912881
Chicago/Turabian StyleVukčević Marković, Maša, and Marko Živanović. 2022. "Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912881