Examining Poverty Reduction of Poverty-Stricken Farmer Households under Different Development Goals: A Multiobjective Spatio-Temporal Evolution Analysis Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Study Area and Data Processing
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Data Source and Preprocessing
4. Methods
4.1. Multiobjective Poverty Reduction Measurement Model
4.1.1. Multiobjective Poverty Reduction Measurement Indicator System
4.1.2. Development Goals and Relative Poverty Lines
4.1.3. Multiobjective Poverty Measurement Method with G-TOPSIS
- (1)
- Data standardization and index weighting
- (2)
- Calculating the closeness degree
- (3)
- Judging the realization rate of development goals
4.2. Spatio-Temporal Autocorrelation Analysis Model
4.3. Poverty-Causing Factors Detection Model
5. Results and analysis
5.1. Overall Multiobjective Development Status of Poor Farmer Households
5.2. Spatio-Temporal Evolution Pattern under Different Development Goals
5.2.1. Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Poverty-Stricken Households
5.2.2. Spatio-Temporal Correlation of the Distribution of Poverty-Stricken Households
5.3. Poverty Causing Factors Analysis
6. Discussions
6.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of G-TOPSIS Model
6.2. Policy Implications
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimension | Indicators | Indicator Interpretation and Assignment | Combination Weight | T1: Short-Term Goals | T2: Medium Term Goal | T3: Long-Term Goals |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Housing safety | X1—Building structure | Grade A = 1 Grade B = 0.75, Grade C = 0.5 Grade D = 0.25 C and D comprised “dangerous” houses;The values were assigned to the four grades, i.e., A, B, C and D, as designated by the appraisal standards for “dangerous” houses. These standards were established based on whether the bearing capacity of the building structure could meet the requirements for daily use, as issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. | 0.125 | 0.75 | 1 | 1 |
Living condition | X2—Drinking water safety | Safe = 1, Not Safe = 0; Drinking water safety means adequate and timely access to drinking water without long-term effects on human health | 0.200 | 100% | 100% | 100% |
X3—Electricity supply | Both for production and daily use = 1, Only for daily use = 0.5, No electricity = 0; The power consumption for production is 380 V, and the power consumption for living is 220 V | 0.075 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 | |
X4—Toilet | No Toilet = 0, Available Toilet = 1 Toilets include flush and dry toilets | 0.050 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Education | X5—Average Years of Education of the Labor Force (Years) | The average of the total number of years of academic education in the labor force | 0.100 | 6 | 7.19 | 7.6 |
X6—The Enrolment rate of compulsory education (%) | No dropout from compulsory education of school-aged children = 1, dropout from compulsory education because of poverty = 0 | 0.075 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Health condition | X7—Family health | Health = 1, Family members have chronic diseases = 0.5, Family members have disabilities = 0.25, A family member is seriously ill = 0 | 0.100 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Family income | X8—Per Capita Net Income (Yuan) | The average income of the family members in the current year | 0.175 | 2855/ | 7070/ | 10772/ |
3000/ | 7874/ | 12363/ | ||||
3335/ | 8695/ | 13432/ | ||||
3533/ | 9862 | 14600/ | ||||
Social Security | X9—Participation rate of rural cooperative medical insurance (%) | Percentage of family members participating in the new rural cooperative medical care system or, for urban residents, the percentage of those with medical insurance | 0.050 | 100% | 100% | 100% |
X10—Participation rate of old-age insurance for family members (%) | Percentage of family members with rural old-age insurance or urban old-age insurance | 0.050 | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Development Level | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Definition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
high | 0.04% | 0.12% | 0.20% | 0.24% | higher than the national average level |
relatively high | 0.06% | 1.45% | 3.33% | 6.99% | higher than the provincial average level but lower than the national average level |
relatively low | 6.99% | 23.60% | 27.54% | 47.60% | higher than the poverty alleviation standard but lower than the average level of Yunnan Province |
low | 92.00% | 74.83% | 68.93% | 45.17% | Below the national poverty alleviation standard |
STI | Moran’s I in 2015 | Moran’s I in 2015 | Moran’s I in 2017 | Moran’s I in 2018 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | 0.434 ** | 0.335 ** | 0.430 ** | 0.486 ** | 0.581 ** |
Z | 5.578 | 4.149 | 5.165 | 5.774 | 6.894 |
H2 | 0.126 * | 0.027 | 0.125 | 0.176 * | 0.223 ** |
Z | 1.987 | 0.577 | 1.932 | 2.252 | 2.827 |
H3 | 0.067 | −0.064 | 0.071 | 0.064 | −0.062 |
Z | 0.699 | −0.692 | 1.443 | 1.019 | −0.581 |
Indcicator (%) | X1 (Building Structure) | X2 (Drinking Water Safety) | X3 (Electricity Supply) | X4 (Toilet) | X5 (Average Years of Education of the Labor Force) | X6 (Enrolment Rate of Compulsory Education) | X7 (Family Health) | X8 (Per Capita Net Income) | X9 (Participation Rate of Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance) | X10 (Participation Rate of Old-Age Insurance for Family Members) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | |||||||||||
2015 | Cj1 | 22.68 | 4.58 | 0.04 | 10.62 | 21.02 | 0.00 | 6.76 | 34.31 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cj2 | 20.13 | 4.06 | 2.66 | 9.43 | 20.22 | 0.00 | 6.00 | 37.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Cj3 | 24.25 | 3.84 | 2.51 | 8.90 | 19.31 | 0.00 | 5.66 | 35.53 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
H1j | 25.26 | 90.57 | 99.79 | 12.49 | 13.42 | 100.00 | 72.16 | 19.22 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
H2j | 25.26 | 90.57 | 83.53 | 12.49 | 6.17 | 100.00 | 72.16 | 0.57 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
H3j | 4.58 | 90.57 | 83.53 | 12.49 | 5.02 | 100.00 | 72.16 | 0.16 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
2016 | Cj1 | 23.06 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 12.79 | 27.57 | 0.00 | 6.39 | 29.58 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cj2 | 18.67 | 0.50 | 0.14 | 10.35 | 23.63 | 0.00 | 5.17 | 41.54 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Cj3 | 26.16 | 0.45 | 0.13 | 9.23 | 21.32 | 0.00 | 4.61 | 38.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
H1j | 39.44 | 98.98 | 99.99 | 16.05 | 9.51 | 100.00 | 79.03 | 44.52 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
H2j | 39.44 | 98.98 | 99.24 | 16.05 | 4.17 | 100.00 | 79.03 | 3.73 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
H3j | 4.79 | 98.98 | 99.24 | 16.05 | 3.02 | 100.00 | 79.03 | 0.91 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
2017 | Cj1 | 21.28 | 0.48 | 0.01 | 12.90 | 27.17 | 0.00 | 8.17 | 29.99 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cj2 | 17.27 | 0.39 | 0.24 | 10.48 | 23.79 | 0.00 | 6.63 | 41.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Cj3 | 25.88 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 9.16 | 21.05 | 0.00 | 5.80 | 37.57 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
H1j | 44.92 | 99.23 | 99.97 | 16.50 | 12.09 | 100.00 | 73.57 | 44.56 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
H2j | 44.92 | 99.23 | 98.72 | 16.50 | 5.17 | 100.00 | 73.57 | 6.17 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
H3j | 5.60 | 99.23 | 98.72 | 16.50 | 4.02 | 100.00 | 73.57 | 2.11 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
2018 | Cj1 | 18.28 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 14.95 | 33.00 | 0.00 | 9.83 | 23.93 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Cj2 | 13.41 | 0.00 | 4.92 | 10.97 | 26.31 | 0.00 | 7.21 | 37.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Cj3 | 24.98 | 0.00 | 3.76 | 8.37 | 20.32 | 0.00 | 5.50 | 37.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
H1j | 61.75 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 21.79 | 13.68 | 100.00 | 74.29 | 64.23 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
H2j | 61.75 | 100.00 | 76.59 | 21.79 | 6.17 | 100.00 | 74.29 | 24.23 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
H3j | 6.60 | 100.00 | 76.59 | 21.79 | 5.02 | 100.00 | 74.29 | 0.96 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
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Wang, Y.; Jia, S.; Qi, W.; Huang, C. Examining Poverty Reduction of Poverty-Stricken Farmer Households under Different Development Goals: A Multiobjective Spatio-Temporal Evolution Analysis Method. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912686
Wang Y, Jia S, Qi W, Huang C. Examining Poverty Reduction of Poverty-Stricken Farmer Households under Different Development Goals: A Multiobjective Spatio-Temporal Evolution Analysis Method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912686
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yanhui, Shoujie Jia, Wenping Qi, and Chong Huang. 2022. "Examining Poverty Reduction of Poverty-Stricken Farmer Households under Different Development Goals: A Multiobjective Spatio-Temporal Evolution Analysis Method" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912686