Spatial Equity of PM2.5 Pollution Exposures in High-Density Metropolitan Areas Based on Remote Sensing, LBS and GIS Data: A Case Study in Wuhan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Air Pollution Exposure Study Coupled with the Spatio-Temporal Behavior of Residents
2.2. Group Differences in Air Pollution Exposure and Environmental Justice Studies
2.3. Inadequacy of Existing Studies
3. Research Data and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Study Data
3.3. Study Methods
3.3.1. Measurement of PM2.5 Concentration
3.3.2. PM2.5 Measurement under the Spatial and Temporal Activities of the Residents
- (1)
- Measurement of PM2.5 pollution exposure in urban space based on residents’ spatial and temporal activities.
- (2)
- PM2.5 pollution exposure measurement of urban population based on residents’ spatial and temporal activities.
3.3.3. Walk Score
- (1)
- Measurement of basic walking index.
- (2)
- Measurement of the single-point walking index.
- (3)
- Measurement of the surface area walking index.
4. Results
4.1. Spatial Pattern of PM2.5 Pollution Exposure
4.2. PM2.5 Pollution Exposure for Different Age Groups
- (1)
- The exposure risk of the elderly (65 years old and above) was higher than that of other age groups.
- (2)
- Communities with high exposure risk for the elderly were concentrated around the center and sub-center of the city.
- (3)
- The exposure risk of children (0–6 years old) was not significantly different from that of the other age groups.
- (4)
- Communities with high exposure and high risk of children were scattered in the suburbs of the city, showing a high outer and low inner distribution.
- (5)
- The risk of PM2.5 pollution exposure was relatively low in the working-age population (19–59 years).
- (6)
- Cluster distribution of communities with high exposure risk for working-age people outside the first ring.
4.3. Health Equity within Vulnerable Populations
- (1)
- Among vulnerable groups, a few bore higher exposure risks.
- (2)
- Spatial heterogeneity in areas with high exposure risk.
- (3)
- High internal and low external exposure risk for the elderly and high internal and low external exposure risk for children.
5. Discussion
- (1)
- Neighborhoods at high risk of PM2.5 pollution among the elderly are mainly located in high-intensity built-up areas in the city center, for which, in conjunction with China’s ongoing urban renewal initiatives, this study proposes a morphology-guided, functionally mixed strategy. We propose that the guidance of block texture and morphology should be used, an urban ventilation system should be constructed, the internal ventilation corridor of the block should be built, and the internal ventilation corridor should be linked with the urban ventilation corridor to form a “sewage system”. Improving the mix of functions can reduce the travel distance and the probability of motor vehicle travel for urban residents, and reduce the total carbon emission and path exposure of residents’ travel;
- (2)
- The common feature of typical high-risk areas for PM2.5 pollution exposure for the elderly and children is the insufficient construction of green and open spaces. The study proposes the strategy of increasing their extent, improving planning, and optimizing the layout. A scattered layout should be avoided in the process of configuring green space, and the centralization and scale of green space should be promoted. Regarding the layout of green and open space, the layout should be optimized according to the functional characteristics;
- (3)
- As a road connecting urban areas, the trunk road is characterized by high traffic volume and high pollution. In the dense area of the trunk road network, the study proposes the protection retreat line restriction function strategy. During the construction process, the threshold distance of significant reduction of pollutants on both sides of the road should be calculated as the basis of the protection retreat line. Strict functional construction restrictions should be made in the high concentration range to avoid crowd-gathering spaces such as schools, residences, and open spaces from being too close to the main roads to reduce the risk of PM2.5 pollution exposure;
- (4)
- During the construction of new cities, emphasis should be placed on the integration of industries and cities, and the location of large industrial enterprises should not only focus on industrial benefits but should also consider ecological benefits. The residential land of large industrial enterprises should be close to large ecological spaces to reduce industrial waste gas pollution to the residents. At the same time, adequate protective measures should be set up outside the industrial land of concentrated scale to guide the pollutants to stop their diffusion to the isolation and absorption green belt and avoid their flow to the crowd-gathering space.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Facility Classification | Name of Facility | Weights |
---|---|---|
Shopping | Grocery | 3 |
Mall | 2 | |
Dining | Restaurants | 3 |
Café | 2 | |
Leisure | Bookstore | 1 |
Park | 1 | |
Entertainment Venue | 1 | |
Public Services | Hospital | 1 |
School | 1 | |
Bank | 1 | |
Total | 16 |
Block Length (m) | Decay Rate (%) | Intersection Density (Pcs/Square Mile) | Decay Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|
<120 | 0 | >200 | 0 |
120–150 | 1 | 150–200 | 1 |
150–165 | 2 | 120–150 | 2 |
165–180 | 3 | 90–120 | 3 |
180–195 | 4 | 60–90 | 4 |
>195 | 5 | <60 | 5 |
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Shan, Z.; Li, H.; Pan, H.; Yuan, M.; Xu, S. Spatial Equity of PM2.5 Pollution Exposures in High-Density Metropolitan Areas Based on Remote Sensing, LBS and GIS Data: A Case Study in Wuhan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912671
Shan Z, Li H, Pan H, Yuan M, Xu S. Spatial Equity of PM2.5 Pollution Exposures in High-Density Metropolitan Areas Based on Remote Sensing, LBS and GIS Data: A Case Study in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912671
Chicago/Turabian StyleShan, Zhuoran, Hongfei Li, Haolan Pan, Man Yuan, and Shen Xu. 2022. "Spatial Equity of PM2.5 Pollution Exposures in High-Density Metropolitan Areas Based on Remote Sensing, LBS and GIS Data: A Case Study in Wuhan, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912671