Assessment of the Best FEA Failure Criteria (Part I): Investigation of the Biomechanical Behavior of PDL in Intact and Reduced Periodontium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Only VM and Tresca criteria employment produced quantitative values lower than MHP up to 8 mm periodontal breakdown, which seemed to be adequate for the study of PDL (seeming to resemble more to ductile).
- VM and Tresca criteria reported 0.5 N force, which appeared safe in the intact periodontium for all movements, and for intrusion and extrusion up to 8 mm bone loss. The amount of force should be reduced to 0.1–0.2 N for rotation, 0.15–0.3 N for translation and 0.2–0.4 N for tipping in 4–8 mm periodontal breakdown.
- Tresca seems to be slightly more quantitatively accurate than VM (due to design specifications), while qualitatively they are similar.
- S1, S3, and pressure criteria seems to only provide qualitative results for PDL.
6. Practitioner Points
- In intact periodontium a continuous force of 0.5 N seems safe for all five orthodontic movements, while 8 mm reduced periodontium is safe only for extrusion and intrusion.
- In a 4 mm reduced periodontium with 0.2 N of continuous rotation, 0.3 N of translation and 0.4 N of tipping are safe to be used, while at 8 mm of bone loss the applied force should be reduced to 0.1 N for rotation, 0.15 for translation and 0.2 N for tipping movements.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Chang, Y.; Tambe, A.A.; Maeda, Y.; Wada, M.; Gonda, T. Finite element analysis of dental implants with validation: To what extent can we expect the model to predict biological phenomena? A literature review and proposal for classification of a validation process. Int. J. Implant Dent. 2018, 4, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moga, R.A.; Buru, S.M.; Chiorean, C.G. Overall stress in periodontal ligament under orthodontic movement during a periodontal breakdown. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Orthod. Const. Soc. Am. Board Orthod. 2022, 161, e127–e135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moga, R.A.; Buru, S.M.; Chiorean, C.G.; Cosgarea, R. Compressive stress in periodontal ligament under orthodontic movements during periodontal breakdown. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Orthod. Const. Soc. Am. Board Orthod. 2021, 159, e291–e299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moga, R.A.; Cosgarea, R.; Buru, S.M.; Chiorean, C.G. Finite element analysis of the dental pulp under orthodontic forces. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Orthod. Const. Soc. Am. Board Orthod. 2019, 155, 543–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhong, J.; Chen, J.; Weinkamer, R.; Darendeliler, M.A.; Swain, M.V.; Sue, A.; Zheng, K.; Li, Q. In vivo effects of different orthodontic loading on root resorption and correlation with mechanobiological stimulus in periodontal ligament. J. R. Soc. Interface 2019, 16, 20190108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.L.; Liu, Y.F.; Peng, W.; Dong, H.Y.; Zhang, J.X. A biomechanical case study on the optimal orthodontic force on the maxillary canine tooth based on finite element analysis. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 2018, 7, 535–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hemanth, M.; Deoli, S.; Raghuveer, H.P.; Rani, M.S.; Hegde, C.; Vedavathi, B. Stress Induced in the Periodontal Ligament under Orthodontic Loading (Part I): A Finite Element Method Study Using Linear Analysis. J. Int. Oral Health JIOH 2015, 7, 129–133. [Google Scholar]
- Hemanth, M.; Deoli, S.; Raghuveer, H.P.; Rani, M.S.; Hegde, C.; Vedavathi, B. Stress Induced in Periodontal Ligament under Orthodontic Loading (Part II): A Comparison of Linear Versus Non-Linear Fem Study. J. Int. Oral Health JIOH 2015, 7, 114–118. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, S.; Sun, J.; Yu, Y.Y. Influence of proximal two-wall bone defect on periodontal ligament stresses under normal occlusal forces. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Zhonghua Kouqiang Yixue Zazhi = Chin. J. Stomatol. 2018, 53, 448–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.; Liu, Y.; Li, B.; Wang, D.; Dong, X.; Sun, Q.; Chen, G. Numerical simulation of optimal range of rotational moment for the mandibular lateral incisor, canine and first premolar based on biomechanical responses of periodontal ligaments: A case study. Clin. Oral Investig. 2021, 25, 1569–1577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, J.; Liu, Y.; Wang, D.; Zhang, J.; Dong, X.; Jiang, X.; Xu, X. Investigation of effective intrusion and extrusion force for maxillary canine using finite element analysis. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 2019, 22, 1294–1302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roscoe, M.G.; Cattaneo, P.M.; Dalstra, M.; Ugarte, O.M.; Meira, J.B.C. Orthodontically induced root resorption: A critical analysis of finite element studies’ input and output. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Orthod. Const. Soc. Am. Board Orthod. 2021, 159, 779–789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaw, A.M.; Sameshima, G.T.; Vu, H.V. Mechanical stress generated by orthodontic forces on apical root cementum: A finite element model. Orthod. Craniofacial Res. 2004, 7, 98–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toms, S.R.; Eberhardt, A.W. A nonlinear finite element analysis of the periodontal ligament under orthodontic tooth loading. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Orthod. Const. Soc. Am. Board Orthod. 2003, 123, 657–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geramy, A.; Faghihi, S. Secondary trauma from occlusion: Three-dimensional analysis using the finite element method. Quintessence Int. 2004, 35, 835–843. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Geramy, A. Initial stress produced in the periodontal membrane by orthodontic loads in the presence of varying loss of alveolar bone: A three-dimensional finite element analysis. Eur. J. Orthod. 2002, 24, 21–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hohmann, A.; Wolfram, U.; Geiger, M.; Boryor, A.; Kober, C.; Sander, C.; Sander, F.G. Correspondences of hydrostatic pressure in periodontal ligament with regions of root resorption: A clinical and a finite element study of the same human teeth. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 2009, 93, 155–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hohmann, A.; Wolfram, U.; Geiger, M.; Boryor, A.; Sander, C.; Faltin, R.; Faltin, K.; Sander, F.G. Periodontal ligament hydrostatic pressure with areas of root resorption after application of a continuous torque moment. Angle Orthod. 2007, 77, 653–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Minch, L.E.; Sarul, M.; Nowak, R.; Kawala, B.; Antoszewska-Smith, J. Orthodontic intrusion of periodontally-compromised maxillary incisors: 3-dimensional finite element method analysis. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. Off. Organ Wroc. Med. Univ. 2017, 26, 829–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Proffit, W.R.; Fields, H.; Sarver, D.M.; Ackerman, J.L. Contemporary Orthodontics; Elsevier: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Han, G.; Hu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Jiang, H. Pulp vitality and histologic changes in human dental pulp after the application of moderate and severe intrusive orthodontic forces. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Orthod. Const. Soc. Am. Board Orthod. 2013, 144, 518–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perez-Gonzalez, A.; Iserte-Vilar, J.L.; Gonzalez-Lluch, C. Interpreting finite element results for brittle materials in endodontic restorations. Biomed. Eng. Online 2011, 10, 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aprile, P.; Kelly, D.J. Hydrostatic Pressure Regulates the Volume, Aggregation and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Derived Stromal Cells. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2020, 8, 619914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hussein Mahmood Ghuloom, K.; Mascarenhas, R.; Parveen, S.; Husain, A. Finite element analysis of orthodontically induced stress in the periodontal ligament of the maxillary first molar with simulated bone loss. J. Comput. Methods Sci. Eng. 2017, 17, 243–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Merdji, A.; Mootanah, R.; Bachir Bouiadjra, B.B.; Benaissa, A.; Aminallah, L.; Chikh, E.B.O.; Mukdadi, S. Stress analysis in single molar tooth. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2013, 33, 691–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Material | Young’s Modulus, E (GPa) | Poisson Ratio, ʋ | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Enamel | 80 | 0.33 | [2,3,4] |
Dentin/Cementum | 18.6 | 0.31 | [2,3,4] |
Pulp | 0.0021 | 0.45 | [2,3,4] |
PDL | 0.0667 | 0.49 | [2,3,4] |
Cortical bone | 14.5 | 0.323 | [2,3,4] |
Trabecular bone | 1.37 | 0.3 | [2,3,4] |
Bracket (Cr-Co) | 218 | 0.33 | [2,3,4] |
Resorption (mm) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrusion | Tresca | a | 2.50 | 2.91 | 3.31 | 3.72 | 4.13 | 4.81 | 5.49 | 6.17 | 6.85 |
0.5 N | c | 4.97 | 6.04 | 7.10 | 8.17 | 9.23 | 10.34 | 11.44 | 12.45 | 13.66 | |
VM | a | 2.17 | 2.53 | 2.90 | 3.26 | 3.62 | 4.22 | 4.81 | 5.41 | 6.00 | |
c | 4.32 | 5.26 | 6.21 | 7.15 | 8.09 | 9.05 | 10.00 | 10.95 | 11.91 | ||
Pressure | a | −13.68 | −15.86 | −18.40 | −20.22 | −24.55 | −25.93 | −27.31 | −28.68 | −30.06 | |
c | 18.86 | 20.61 | 22.36 | 24.11 | 25.86 | 34.60 | 43.33 | 52.07 | 60.80 | ||
S1 | a | −6.28 | −9.07 | −11.85 | −14.64 | 17.42 | −18.32 | −19.22 | −20.12 | 21.02 | |
c | 15.60 | 19.18 | 22.75 | 26.33 | 29.90 | 31.40 | 32.91 | 34.41 | 35.91 | ||
S3 | a | 11.32 | 13.13 | 14.93 | 16.74 | 18.54 | 20.10 | 21.66 | 23.22 | 24.78 | |
c | 12.07 | 13.69 | 15.31 | 16.92 | 18.54 | 20.10 | 21.66 | 23.22 | 24.78 | ||
Extrusion | Tresca | a | 2.50 | 2.91 | 3.31 | 3.72 | 4.13 | 4.81 | 5.49 | 6.17 | 6.87 |
0.5 N | c | 5.59 | 7.01 | 8.43 | 9.85 | 11.27 | 13.01 | 15.50 | 17.10 | 18.75 | |
VM | a | 2.17 | 2.53 | 2.90 | 3.26 | 3.62 | 4.22 | 4.81 | 5.41 | 6.00 | |
c | 4.85 | 6.11 | 7.37 | 8.62 | 9.88 | 11.75 | 13.62 | 15.49 | 16.34 | ||
Pressure | a | 13.68 | 15.86 | 18.40 | 20.22 | 24.55 | 25.93 | 27.31 | 28.68 | 30.00 | |
c | 19.10 | 23.61 | 28.12 | 32.64 | 37.15 | 42.95 | 48.75 | 54.55 | 60.34 | ||
S1 | a | −6.60 | −9.59 | −12.57 | −15.55 | −18.54 | −19.76 | −20.98 | −22.20 | −24.78 | |
c | 20.75 | 26.93 | 33.11 | 39.30 | 45.48 | 51.29 | 57.10 | 62.91 | 68.72 | ||
S3 | a | 11.74 | 13.17 | 14.60 | 16.03 | −17.46 | −22.07 | −26.69 | −31.30 | −35.91 | |
c | 17.21 | 21.02 | 24.83 | 28.63 | 32.44 | 37.70 | 42.95 | 48.21 | 53.46 | ||
Translation | Tresca | a | 1.68 | 2.14 | 2.61 | 3.07 | 3.53 | 4.23 | 4.92 | 5.62 | 6.31 |
0.5 N | c | 16.37 | 20.99 | 25.61 | 30.23 | 34.85 | 41.78 | 48.71 | 55.64 | 62.57 | |
VM | a | 1.49 | 1.89 | 2.29 | 2.69 | 3.09 | 3.69 | 4.29 | 4.89 | 5.49 | |
c | 14.59 | 18.55 | 22.52 | 26.49 | 30.45 | 36.44 | 42.45 | 48.44 | 54.44 | ||
Pressure | a | −28.21 | 33.27 | 38.33 | 43.39 | 48.45 | 62.29 | 76.27 | 90.11 | 103.80 | |
c | −79.11 | −80.83 | −82.54 | −84.26 | −85.97 | −96.75 | −107.53 | −118.31 | −129.10 | ||
S1 | a | 10.53 | 17.06 | 23.60 | 30.13 | −36.66 | −49.25 | −61.84 | −74.43 | −87.02 | |
c | 48.91 | 62.01 | 75.21 | 88.35 | 101.50 | 114.08 | 126.65 | 139.23 | 151.80 | ||
S3 | a | 38.69 | 41.50 | 44.31 | 47.11 | 49.92 | 64.52 | 79.11 | 93.71 | 108.30 | |
c | −93.59 | 104.62 | 115.65 | 126.67 | 137.70 | 159.13 | 180.55 | 201.98 | 223.40 | ||
Rotation | Tresca | a | 1.94 | 2.55 | 3.16 | 3.76 | 4.37 | 5.34 | 6.30 | 7.27 | 8.23 |
0.5 N | c | 17.17 | 23.40 | 29.63 | 35.87 | 42.10 | 49.83 | 57.55 | 65.28 | 73.00 | |
VM | a | 1.68 | 2.21 | 2.75 | 3.28 | 3.81 | 4.73 | 5.65 | 6.57 | 7.49 | |
c | 14.80 | 20.34 | 25.88 | 31.41 | 36.95 | 44.33 | 51.71 | 50.83 | 66.46 | ||
Pressure | a | −34.32 | 38.89 | 43.47 | 48.04 | 52.61 | 63.86 | 75.11 | 86.36 | 97.61 | |
c | −85.30 | −89.63 | −93.95 | −98.28 | −102.60 | −117.50 | −132.40 | −147.30 | −162.20 | ||
S1 | a | 12.90 | 18.30 | 23.70 | 29.09 | −34.49 | −46.45 | −58.41 | −70.36 | −82.32 | |
c | 64.10 | 79.13 | 94.16 | 109.18 | 124.20 | 139.40 | 154.60 | 169.80 | 185.00 | ||
S3 | a | 56.60 | 59.46 | 62.33 | 65.19 | −68.05 | −86.29 | −104.53 | −122.76 | −141.00 | |
c | −98.50 | 114.30 | 130.10 | 145.10 | 161.70 | 188.60 | 201.55 | 242.40 | 269.30 | ||
Tipping | Tresca | a | 1.29 | 1.96 | 2.64 | 3.31 | 3.98 | 4.71 | 5.44 | 6.16 | 6.89 |
0.5 N | c | 11.36 | 13.89 | 16.43 | 18.96 | 21.49 | 25.44 | 29.43 | 33.41 | 37.42 | |
VM | a | 1.12 | 1.71 | 2.30 | 2.88 | 3.47 | 4.12 | 4.77 | 5.42 | 6.07 | |
c | 9.85 | 12.07 | 14.28 | 16.50 | 18.71 | 22.28 | 25.86 | 29.43 | 33.00 | ||
Pressure | a | 13.75 | 16.03 | 18.31 | 20.59 | 22.84 | 34.97 | 47.09 | 59.22 | 71.34 | |
c | 33.04 | 35.44 | 37.83 | 40.23 | 42.62 | 64.22 | 85.81 | 107.41 | 129.00 | ||
S1 | a | 6.84 | 13.57 | 20.30 | 27.03 | −33.76 | −38.54 | −43.31 | −48.09 | −52.86 | |
c | −31.37 | 39.43 | 47.50 | 55.56 | 63.62 | 77.54 | 91.46 | 105.38 | 119.30 | ||
S3 | a | 24.05 | 30.97 | 37.89 | 44.81 | −51.73 | −61.62 | −71.52 | −81.41 | −91.30 | |
c | −35.17 | 38.95 | 42.72 | 46.50 | 50.27 | 88.45 | 126.64 | 164.82 | 203.00 |
Resorption (mm) | Intact Periodontium | 8 mm Reduced Periodontium | |
---|---|---|---|
Intrusion | Tresca | A, M, C | A, M, C |
0.5 N | Von Mises | A, M, C | A, M, C |
Pressure | A, M, C | A, M, C | |
S1 | Max. Princ. | A, M, C | A, M, C |
S3 | Min. Princ. | A, M, C | A, M, C |
Extrusion | Tresca | A, M, C | A, M, C |
0.5 N | Von Mises | A, M, C | A, M, C |
Pressure | A, M, C | A, M, C | |
S1 | Max. Princ. | A, M, C | A, M, C |
S3 | Min. Princ. | A, M, C | A, M, C |
Translation | Tresca | m, C | a, m, C |
0.5 N | Von Mises | m, C | a, m, C |
Pressure | m, C | a, m, C | |
S1 | Max. Princ. | m, C | a, m, C |
S3 | Min. Princ. | m, C | a, m, C |
Rotation | Tresca | m, C | a, m, C |
0.5 N | Von Mises | m, C | a, m, C |
Pressure | m, C | a, m, C | |
S1 | Max. Princ. | m, C | a, m, C |
S3 | Min. Princ. | a, m, C | a, m, C |
Tipping | Tresca | a, m, C | a, m, C |
0.5 N | Von Mises | a, m, C | a, m, C |
Pressure | a, m, C | a, m, C | |
S1 | Max. Princ. | a, m, C | a, m, C |
S3 | Min. Princ. | a, m, C | a, m, C |
Fail Criteria | Study | Force, Movement, Quantitative Stress, PDL Area |
---|---|---|
VM | Toms et al. (2003) [14], lower premolar, 5205 nodes, 1674 elem. | 1 N extr., 8 KPa a, 7.75 KPa c |
intact periodontium | ||
Merdji et al. (2013) [25], lower 1st molar, 557,974 elem. | 10 N intr., 29.48 KPa a | |
intact periodontium | 3 N tip., 8.96 KPa a | |
3 N transl., 6.78 KPa a | ||
Shaw et al. (2004) [13], upper incisor, 20,582 nodes, 11,924 elem. | extr. and intr., 2 KPa a | |
intact periodontium | tipp., 1 KPa a | |
Roscoe et al. (2021) [12], premolar, 1.67 mil. elem. | 0.25 N intr. a and c 1.1 KPa | |
intact periodontium | 0.25 N tip., a and c 2.9 KPa | |
Moga et al. (2022) [2], lower 2nd premolar, | 0.2 N intr., 0.44 KPa a, 1.51 KPa c | |
5.06–6.05 mil. elem. 0.96–1.07 mil. nodes | 0.6 N extr., 1.33 KPa a, 5.18 KPa c | |
intact periodontium | 1.2 N transl., 3.58 KPa a, 28.06 KPa c | |
0.6 N rot., 2.02 KPa a, 15.91 KPa c | ||
0.6 N tip., 1.34 KPa a, 10.52 KPa c | ||
reduced periodontium 8 mm | 0.2 N intr., 1.22 KPa a, 4.76 KPa c | |
0.6 N extr., 5.42 KPa a, 21.39 KPa c | ||
1.2 N transl., 26.28 KPa a, 117.00 KPa c | ||
0.6 N rot., 17.86 KPa a, 71.06 KPa c | ||
0.6 N tip., 7.29 KPa a, 43.19 KPa c | ||
S1 and S3 | Toms et al. (2003) [14], lower premolar, 5205 nodes, 1674 elem. | 1 N extr., S1: 36.95 KPa a, −2.69 KPa c |
intact periodontium | 1 N extr., S3: 28.49 KPa a, −11.6 KPa c | |
Moga et al. (2021) [3], lower 2nd premolar | 0.2 N intr., S3: −1.74 KPa a, −1.74 KPa c | |
5.06–6.05 mil. elem. 0.96–1.07 mil. nodes | 0.6 N extr., S3: 14.10 KPa a, 27.99 KPa c | |
intact periodontium | 1.2 N transl., S3: −97.79 KPa a, 93.03 KPa c | |
0.6 N rot., S3: −56.27 KPa a, 68.07 KPa c | ||
0.6 N tip., S3: −18.53 KPa a, 28.89 KPa c | ||
reduced periodontium 8 mm | 0.2 N intr., S3: −21.26 KPa a, −8.80 KPa c | |
0.6 N extr., S3: 64.15 KPa a, 82.83 KPa c | ||
1.2 N transl., S3: −292.4 KPa a, 260.2 KPa c | ||
0.6 N rot., S3: −290.13 KPa a, 170.13 KPa c | ||
0.6 N tip., S3: −109.4 KPa a, −1023.49 KPa c | ||
Geramy et al. (2004) [15], upp. central incisor, | 1.5 N tip., S1: 78.3 KPa a, −23.6 KPa c | |
378,884 nodes, 32,768 elem., intact periodontium | 1.5 N tip., S3:−74 KPa a, −28 KPa c | |
reduced periodontium 8 mm | 1.5 N tip., S1: 881KPa a, −395 KPa c | |
1.5 N tip., S3: 740 KPa a, −491 KPa c | ||
Geramy et al. (2002) [16], upper central incisor, | 1 N tip., S1: −37 KPa a, 55 KPa c | |
726 nodes, 475 elem., intact periodontium | 1 N tip., S3: −39 KPa a, −75 KPa c | |
1 N intr., S1: 26 KPa a, −9 KPa c | ||
1 N intr., S3: −29 KPa a, −12 KPa c | ||
reduced periodontium 8 mm | 1 N tip., S1: −440 KPa a, −288 KPa c | |
1 N tip., S3: −475 KPa a, 300KPa c | ||
1 N intr., S1: –43 KPa a, 19 KPa c | ||
1 N intr., S3: –47 KPa a, −23 KPa c | ||
Hemanth et al. (2015) [7,8], upper central incisor, | 0.2 N intr., S1: 1 KPa c | |
239,666 nodes, 148,097 elem., intact periodontium | 1 N tip., S1: −16.4 KPa a | |
0.2 N intr., S3: −13.37 KPa a | ||
1 N tip., S3: 16.4 KPa a | ||
Roscoe et al. (2021) [12], premolar, 1.67 mil. elem. | 0.25 N intr. a and c −5.3 KPa | |
intact periodontium | 0.25 N tip., a and c −7.3 KPa | |
Pressure | Hohmann et al. (2009) [17], 1st upper premolar | 0.5 N intr., 4.7KPa−9.95 TPa a, 4.7 KPa c |
PDL 195,881 elem., tooth 711,114 elem., intact periodontium | ||
Hohmann et al. (2007) [18], 1st upper premolar | 3 N tip., 38.84KPa a, −68.09 KPa c | |
PDL 152,776 elem., tooth 56,454 elem., intact periodontium | ||
Wu et al. (2018) [6], upper canine | optimal force: tip. 0.28–0.44 N,transl. 1.1–1.37 N | |
PDL 1263, elem., tooth 1928 elem., intact periodontium | rot. 1.7–2.1 N, extr. 0.38–0.4 N | |
Wu et al. (2021) [10], lower incisor, canine, premolar | optimal force: rot. 2.2–2.3 N, 3–3.1 N, 2.8–2.9 N | |
PDL 3032, 3416, 3851 elem., bone 5692 elem., intact periodontium | ||
Wu et al. (2019) [11], upper canine | optimal force: intr. 0.8–0.9 N, extr. 2.3–2.6 N | |
PDL 2272, elem., tooth 2101 elem., intact periodontium | ||
Roscoe et al. (2021) [12], upper premolar, 1.67 mil. elem. | 0.25 N intr. a and c −4.7 KPa | |
intact periodontium | 0.25 N tip., a and c −5.8 KPa | |
Zhong et al. (2019) [5], lower 1st premolar, PDL 17575 elem. | 0.25 N tip., a and c 10–20 KPa | |
intact periodontium |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Moga, R.A.; Buru, S.M.; Olteanu, C.D. Assessment of the Best FEA Failure Criteria (Part I): Investigation of the Biomechanical Behavior of PDL in Intact and Reduced Periodontium. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912424
Moga RA, Buru SM, Olteanu CD. Assessment of the Best FEA Failure Criteria (Part I): Investigation of the Biomechanical Behavior of PDL in Intact and Reduced Periodontium. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912424
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoga, Radu Andrei, Stefan Marius Buru, and Cristian Doru Olteanu. 2022. "Assessment of the Best FEA Failure Criteria (Part I): Investigation of the Biomechanical Behavior of PDL in Intact and Reduced Periodontium" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912424