Preterm Birth and the Type of Birth and Their Impact on the Incidence of Overweight and Obesity in Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.2.1. Anthropometric Measurements
2.2.2. Preterm Birth and Type of Birth
- Underweight < 5th percentile;
- Normal body weight 5–85 percentile;
- Overweight 85–95 percentile;
- Obesity ≥ 95 percentile.
2.2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Group
3.2. Main Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Sex | ||
---|---|---|---|
Girls | Boys | Total | |
(n = 358) | (n = 391) | (n = 749) | |
Preterm birth (before the end of 37 weeks) (p= 0.723) | |||
Yes | 57 (15.9%) a | 66 (16.9%) a | 123 (16.4%) a |
No | 301 (84.1%) a | 325 (83.1%) a | 626 (83.6%) a |
Type of delivery (p = 0.637) | |||
Cesarean section | 145 (40.5%) a | 165 (42.2%) a | 310 (41.4%) a |
Vaginal birth | 213 (59.5%) a | 226 (57.8%) a | 439 (58.6%) a |
Sex/Age | BMI Centile | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Delivery | p | Preterm Birth (before the End of 37 Weeks) | p | |||||||||||
Cesarean Section | Vaginal Birth | Yes | No | |||||||||||
n | Me | IQR | n | Me | IQR | n | Me | IQR | n | Me | IQR | |||
Sex | ||||||||||||||
girls | 145 | 48.0 | 53.0 | 213 | 46.0 | 62.0 | 0.638 | 57 | 35.0 | 59.0 | 301 | 49.0 | 59.0 | 0.139 |
boys | 165 | 49.0 | 50.0 | 226 | 44.5 | 58.0 | 0.163 | 66 | 44.5 | 61.0 | 325 | 48.0 | 54.0 | 0.214 |
Age | ||||||||||||||
4–6 yrs | 71 | 49.0 | 46.0 | 107 | 50.0 | 56.0 | 0.875 | 35 | 35.0 | 61.0 | 143 | 50.0 | 49.0 | 0.133 |
7–11 yrs | 164 | 48.0 | 62.0 | 197 | 36.0 | 56.0 | 0.090 | 56 | 36.5 | 55.0 | 305 | 44.0 | 60.0 | 0.152 |
12–15 yrs | 75 | 53.0 | 44.0 | 135 | 50.0 | 60.0 | 0.501 | 32 | 52.5 | 54.0 | 178 | 50.5 | 55.0 | 0.654 |
Sex and age | ||||||||||||||
girls 4–6 yrs | 36 | 48.0 | 47.5 | 52 | 45.0 | 59.0 | 0.424 | 17 | 35.0 | 56.0 | 71 | 49.0 | 53.0 | 0.195 |
girls 7–11 yrs | 70 | 49.5 | 62.0 | 90 | 33.0 | 61.0 | 0.431 | 26 | 26.5 | 54.0 | 134 | 46.0 | 63.0 | 0.191 |
girls 12–15 yrs | 39 | 48.0 | 53.0 | 71 | 60.0 | 64.0 | 0.557 | 14 | 63.5 | 69.0 | 96 | 53.0 | 56.5 | 0.648 |
boys 4–6 yrs | 35 | 49.0 | 46.0 | 55 | 54.0 | 65.0 | 0.351 | 18 | 40.0 | 65.0 | 72 | 54.0 | 49.0 | 0.392 |
boys 7–11 yrs | 94 | 48.0 | 61.0 | 107 | 39.0 | 53.0 | 0.131 | 30 | 45.0 | 56.0 | 171 | 44.0 | 57.0 | 0.530 |
boys 12–15 yrs | 36 | 62.0 | 42.0 | 64 | 41.0 | 62.5 | 0.107 | 18 | 42.5 | 64.0 | 82 | 47.0 | 54.0 | 0.395 |
Variables | Underweight | Normal Body Weight | Overweight | Obesity | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 79) | (n = 553) | (n = 71) | (n = 46) | (n = 749) | |
Preterm birth (before the end of 37 weeks) (p = 0.181) | |||||
Yes | 19 (15.4%) a | 86 (69.9%) a | 13 (10.6%) a | 5 (4.1%) a | 123 (16.4%) a |
No | 60 (9.6%) a | 467 (74.6%) a | 58 (9.3%) a | 41 (6.5%) a | 626 (83.6%) a |
Type of delivery (p = 0.164) | |||||
Cesarean section | 27 (8.7%) a | 233 (75.2%) a | 35 (11.3%) a | 15 (4.8%) a | 310 (41.4%) a |
Vaginal birth | 52 (11.8%) a | 320 (72.9%) a | 36 (8.2%) a | 31 (7.1%) a | 439 (58.6%) a |
Incidence of Overweight and Obesity with Respect to the Sex and Age | Type of Delivery | p | Preterm Birth (before the End of 37 Weeks) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cesarean Section | Vaginal Birth | Yes | No | |||
Sex | ||||||
girls | 22 (15.2%) a | 36 (16.9%) a | 0.663 | 7 (12.3%) a | 51 (16.9%) a | 0.381 |
boys | 28 (17.0%) a | 31 (13.7%) a | 0.375 | 11 (16.7%) a | 48 (14.8%) a | 0.694 |
Age | ||||||
4–6 y | 9 (12.7%) a | 17 (15.9%) a | 0.552 | 5 (14.3%) a | 21 (14.7%) a | 0.952 |
7–11 y | 27 (16.5%) a | 22 (11.2%) a | 0.143 | 7 (12.5%) a | 42 (13.8%) a | 0.799 |
12–15 y | 14 (18.7%) a | 28 (20.7%) a | 0.719 | 6 (18.8%) a | 36 (20.2%) a | 0.848 |
Sex and age | ||||||
girls 4–6 y | 4 (11.1%) a | 4 (7.7%) a | 0.583 | 1 (5.9%) a | 7 (9.9%) a | 0.608 |
girls 7–11 y | 9 (12.9%) a | 13 (14.4%) a | 0.772 | 2 (7.7%) a | 20 (14.9%) a | 0.327 |
girls 12–15 y | 9 (23.1%) a | 19 (26.8%) a | 0.671 | 4 (28.6%) a | 24 (25.0%) a | 0.774 |
boys 4–6 y | 5 (14.3%) a | 13 (23.6%) a | 0.280 | 4 (22.2%) a | 14 (19.4%) a | 0.792 |
boys 7–11 y | 18 (19.1%) a | 9 (8.4%) a | 0.026 | 5 (16.7%) a | 22 (12.9%) a | 0.573 |
boys 12–15 y | 5 (13.9%) a | 9 (14.1%) a | 0.981 | 2 (11.1%) a | 12 (14.6%) a | 0.696 |
Factors | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|
All | ||
Mother’s BMI | 1.020 (0.982–1.060) | 0.307 |
GWG | 1.040 (1.011–1.069) | 0.006 |
Preterm birth | 1.100 (0.630–1.922) | 0.737 |
Type of delivery | 0.957 (0.633–1.448) | 0.837 |
Boys | ||
Mother’s BMI | 1.011 (0.965–1.059) | 0.649 |
GWG | 1.037 (1.001–1.075) | 0.042 |
Preterm birth | 0.910 (0.436–1.899) | 0.802 |
Type of delivery | 1.199 (0.676–2.127) | 0.535 |
Girls | ||
Mother’s BMI | 1.037 (0.958–1.122) | 0.371 |
GWG | 1.049 (0.999–1.101) | 0.054 |
Preterm birth | 1.390 (0.581–3.327) | 0.459 |
Type of delivery | 0.747 (0.406–1.374) | 0.348 |
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Baran, J.; Weres, A.; Baran, R.; Czenczek-Lewandowska, E.; Leszczak, J.; Wyszyńska, J. Preterm Birth and the Type of Birth and Their Impact on the Incidence of Overweight and Obesity in Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912042
Baran J, Weres A, Baran R, Czenczek-Lewandowska E, Leszczak J, Wyszyńska J. Preterm Birth and the Type of Birth and Their Impact on the Incidence of Overweight and Obesity in Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912042
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaran, Joanna, Aneta Weres, Rafał Baran, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska, Justyna Leszczak, and Justyna Wyszyńska. 2022. "Preterm Birth and the Type of Birth and Their Impact on the Incidence of Overweight and Obesity in Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912042