The Role of Social Support in Cardiovascular Clinical Trial Participation among Black Men: Black Impact
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Theory
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants and Recruitment
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Types of Social Support and Source
3.3. Social Support from Peers
3.3.1. Appraisal Support
Acknowledgment, Understanding and Validation
Inspiration
3.3.2. Emotional Support
Sense of Community
Connection between Participants, and the Fear of Disappointment
Group Synergy
3.4. Social Support from Health Coaches and Study Team Staff
3.4.1. Appraisal Support
Contemplation of Current Health Status
3.4.2. Emotional Support
Racial Concordance of Health Coaches and Study Team Staff
Perceived Investment of Research Team
3.4.3. Instrumental Support
Incentives
Access to Healthcare Providers
3.4.4. Informational Support
SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic
4. Discussion
4.1. Peer Support
4.2. Support from Health Coaches and Study Team Staff
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Virani, S.S.; Alonso, A.; Aparicio, H.J.; Benjamin, E.J.; Bittencourt, M.S.; Callaway, C.W.; Carson, A.P.; Chamberlain, A.M.; Cheng, S.; Delling, F.N.; et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2021, 143, e254–e743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mensah, G.A. Cardiovascular Diseases in African Americans: Fostering Community Partnerships to Stem the Tide. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2018, 72, S37–S42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carnethon, M.R.; Pu, J.; Howard, G.; Albert, M.A.; Anderson, C.A.M.; Bertoni, A.G.; Mujahid, M.S.; Palaniappan, L.; Taylor, H.A.; Willis, M.; et al. Cardiovascular Health in African Americans: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017, 136, e393–e423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gillepsie, C.; Wigington, C.; Hong, Y. Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke Deaths-United States. 2009. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6203a26.htm (accessed on 1 December 2021).
- Sanchez, E. Life’s Simple 7: Vital but Not Easy. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2018, 7, e009324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lloyd-Jones, D.M.; Hong, Y.; Labarthe, D.; Mozaffarian, D.; Appel, L.J.; Van Horn, L.; Greenlund, K.; Daniels, S.; Nichol, G.; Tomaselli, G.F.; et al. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: The American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation 2010, 121, 586–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, L.; You, D.; Ma, W.; Astell-Burt, T.; Feng, X.; Duan, S.; Qi, L. National Trends in American Heart Association Revised Life’s Simple 7 Metrics Associated with Risk of Mortality among US Adults. JAMA Netw. Open 2019, 2, e1913131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michos, E.D.; Khan, S.S. Further understanding of ideal cardiovascular health score metrics and cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2021, 19, 607–617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joseph, J.J.; Echouffo-Tcheugui, J.B.; Golden, S.H.; Chen, H.; Jenny, N.S.; Carnethon, M.R.; Jacobs, D.; Burke, G.L.; Vaidya, D.; Ouyang, P.; et al. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 2016, 4, e000185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joseph, J.J.; Bennett, A.; Echouffo Tcheugui, J.B.; Effoe, V.S.; Odei, J.B.; Hidalgo, B.; Dulin, A.; Safford, M.M.; Cummings, D.M.; Cushman, M.; et al. Ideal cardiovascular health, glycaemic status and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: The REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Diabetologia 2019, 62, 426–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Egan, B.M.; Li, J.; Sutherland, S.E.; Jones, D.W.; Ferdinand, K.C.; Hong, Y.; Sanchez, E. Sociodemographic Determinants of Life’s Simple 7: Implications for Achieving Cardiovascular Health and Health Equity Goals. Ethn. Dis. 2020, 30, 637–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.; Li, J. Participation of Black US Residents in Clinical Trials of 24 Cardiovascular Drugs Granted FDA Approval, 2006-2020. JAMA Netw. Open 2021, 4, e212640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anaba, U.; Ishola, A.; Alabre, A.; Bui, A.; Prince, M.; Okafor, H.; Kola-Kehinde, O.; Joseph, J.J.; Mitchell, D.; Odei, B.C.; et al. Diversity in modern heart failure trials: Where are we, and where are we going. Int. J. Cardiol. 2022, 348, 95–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gray, D.M.; Nolan, T.S.; Gregory, J.; Joseph, J.J. Diversity in clinical trials: An opportunity and imperative for community engagement. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021, 6, 605–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Artiga, S.; Hinton, E. Beyond Health Care: The Role of Social Determinants in Promoting Health and Health Equity. Available online: https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/beyond-health-care-the-role-of-social-determinants-in-promoting-health-and-health-equity/ (accessed on 1 December 2021).
- White-Williams, C.; Rossi, L.P.; Bittner, V.A.; Driscoll, A.; Durant, R.W.; Granger, B.B.; Graven, L.J.; Kitko, L.; Newlin, K.; Shirey, M.; et al. Addressing Social Determinants of Health in the Care of Patients with Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020, 141, e841–e863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solar, O.; Irwin, A. A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241500852 (accessed on 1 December 2021).
- Bland, V.; Sharma, M. Physical activity interventions in African American women: A systematic review. Health Promot. Perspect. 2017, 7, 52–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rees, C.; Karter, A.; Young, B. Race/Ethnicity, Social Support, and Associations with Diabetes Self Care and Clinical Outcomes in NHANES. Diabetes Educ. 2010, 36, 435–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hand, C.; Law, M.; McColl, M.A.; Hanna, S.; Elliot, S. An examination of social support influences on participation for older adults with chronic health conditions. Disabil. Rehabil. 2014, 36, 1439–1444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.L.; Pbert, L.; Lemon, S.C. Influence of family, friend and coworker social support and social undermining on weight gain prevention among adults. Obesity 2014, 22, 1973–1980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, T. Relationships between perceived close social support and health practices within community samples of American women and men. J. Psychol. 2006, 140, 229–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindsay-Smith, G.; Banting, L.; Eime, R.; O’Sullivan, G.; van Uffelen, J.G.Z. The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xia, N.; Li, H. Loneliness, Social Isolation, and Cardiovascular Health. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2018, 28, 837–851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- House, J. Work Stress and Social Support; Addison-Wesley Publishing: Reading, MA, USA, 1981; Volume 4. [Google Scholar]
- Dunkel-Schetter, C. Social Support and Cancer: Findings Based on Patient Interviews and Their Implications. J. Soc. Issues 1984, 40, 77–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Joshua, J.J.; Nolan, T.S.; Williams, A.; McKoy, A.; Zhao, S.; Mensah-Aboagye, E.; Kluwe, B.; Odei, J.; Brock, G.; Lavender, D.; et al. Improving cardiovascular health in black men through a 24-week community-based team lifestyle change intervention: The black impact pilot study. Am. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2022, 9, 100315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Association, A.H. Check Change.Control Community Partner Resources. Available online: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/find-high-blood-pressure-tools--resources/check-change-icontroli-community-partner-resources (accessed on 1 December 2021).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Prevention Program. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevention/index.html (accessed on 1 December 2021).
- Bowen, D.; Kreuter, M.; Spring, B.; Cofta-Woerpel, L.; Linnan, L.; Weiner, D.; Bakken, S.; Kaplan, C.; Squiers, L.; Fabrizio, C.; et al. How we design feasibility studies. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2009, 36, 452–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braun, V.; Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 2006, 3, 77–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaismoradi, M.; Turunen, H.; Bondas, T. Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nurs. Health Sci. 2013, 15, 398–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glanz, K.; Rimer, B.; Viswanath, K. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4th ed.; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Elgazzar, R.; Nolan, T.S.; Joseph, J.J.; Aboagye-Mensah, E.B.; Azap, R.A.; Gray, D.M. Community-engaged and community-based participatory research to promote American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 among African American adults: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0238374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, M.S.; Lara, P.N.; Dang, J.H.; Paterniti, D.A.; Kelly, K. Twenty years post-NIH Revitalization Act: Enhancing minority participation in clinical trials (EMPaCT): Laying the groundwork for improving minority clinical trial accrual: Renewing the case for enhancing minority participation in cancer clinical trials. Cancer 2014, 120 (Suppl. 7), 1091–1096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Otado, J.; Kwagyan, J.; Edwards, D.; Ukaegbu, A.; Rockcliffe, F.; Osafo, N. Culturally Competent Strategies for Recruitment and Retention of African American Populations into Clinical Trials. Clin. Transl. Sci. 2015, 8, 460–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fillon, M. Strategies to Boost Minority Participation in Clinical Trials. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2017, 109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harley, A.E.; Frazer, D.; Weber, T.; Edwards, T.C.; Carnegie, N. No Longer an Island: A Social Network Intervention Engaging Black Men Through CBPR. Am. J. Men Health 2020, 14, 1557988320913387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alvidrez, J.; Snowden, L.R.; Kaiser, D.M. The experience of stigma among Black mental health consumers. J. Health Care Poor Underserved 2008, 19, 874–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brody, G.H.; Lei, M.K.; Chae, D.H.; Yu, T.; Kogan, S.M.; Beach, S.R.H. Perceived discrimination among African American adolescents and allostatic load: A longitudinal analysis with buffering effects. Child Dev. 2014, 85, 989–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Finch, B.K.; Vega, W.A. Acculturation stress, social support, and self-rated health among Latinos in California. J. Immigr. Health 2003, 5, 109–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pascoe, E.A.; Smart Richman, L. Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychol. Bull. 2009, 135, 531–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, S.; Mallory, A.B. The effect of racial discrimination on mental and physical health: A propensity score weighting approach. Soc. Sci. Med. 2021, 285, 114308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Belza, B.; Walwick, J.; Shiu-Thornton, S.; Schwartz, S.; Taylor, M.; LoGerfo, J. Older adult perspectives on physical activity and exercise: Voices from multiple cultures. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2004, 1, A09. [Google Scholar]
- Janisse, H.C.; Nedd, D.; Escamilla, S.; Nies, M.A. Physical activity, social support, and family structure as determinants of mood among European-American and African-American women. Women Health 2004, 39, 101–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Collins, E.S.; Buchholz, S.W.; Cranford, J.; McCrory, M.A. A Church-based Culturally Sensitive Physical Activity Intervention in African American Women. West. J. Nurs. Res. 2021, 43, 563–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larsen, B.A.; Strong, D.; Linke, S.E. The association between family and friend integration and physical activity: Results from the NHIS. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2014, 21, 529–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strom, J.L.; Egede, L.E. The impact of social support on outcomes in adult patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 2012, 12, 769–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- DiMatteo, M.R. Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: A meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 2004, 23, 207–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, J.R.; Frazier, S.K.; Rayens, M.K.; Lennie, T.A.; Chung, M.L.; Moser, D.K. Medication adherence, social support, and event-free survival in patients with heart failure. Health Psychol. 2013, 32, 637–646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, T.A.; Dimatteo, M.R. Importance of family/social support and impact on adherence to diabetic therapy. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 2013, 6, 421–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Raihan, N.; Cogburn, M. Stages of Change Theory; StatPeals Publishing: St. Petersburg, FL, USA, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- DiClemente, C.C.; Prochaska, J.O.; Fairhurst, S.K.; Velicer, W.F.; Velasquez, M.M.; Rossi, J.S. The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1991, 59, 295–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pereira Gray, D.J.; Sidaway-Lee, K.; White, E.; Thorne, A.; Evans, P.H. Continuity of care with doctors-a matter of life and death? A systematic review of continuity of care and mortality. BMJ Open 2018, 8, e021161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salimi, Y.; Shahandeh, K.; Malekafzali, H.; Loori, N.; Kheiltash, A.; Jamshidi, E.; Frouzan, A.S.; Majdzadeh, R. Is Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR) Useful? A Systematic Review on Papers in a Decade. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2012, 3, 386–393. [Google Scholar]
- Campbell, J.A.; Yan, A.; Egede, L.E. Community-Based Participatory Research Interventions to Improve Diabetes Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Diabetes Educ. 2020, 46, 527–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chalela, P.; Suarez, L.; Muñoz, E.; Gallion, K.J.; Pollock, B.H.; Weitman, S.D.; Karnad, A.; Ramirez, A.G. Promoting Factors and Barriers to Participation in Early Phase Clinical Trials: Patients Perspectives. J. Community Med. Health Educ. 2014, 4, 1000281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adderley-Kelly, B.; Green, P.M. Strategies for Successful Conduct of Research with Low-Income African American Populations. Nurs. Outlook 2005, 53, 147–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, E.S.; Simon, M.; Dong, X. Integrating cultural humility into health care professional education and training. Adv. Health Sci. Educ. Theory Pract. 2012, 17, 269–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stubbe, D.E. Practicing Cultural Competence and Cultural Humility in the Care of Diverse Patients. Focus 2020, 18, 49–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nolan, T.S.; Alston, A.; Choto, R.; Moss, K.O. Cultural Humility: Retraining and Retooling Nurses to Provide Equitable Cancer Care. Clin. J. Oncol. Nurs. 2021, 25, 3–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, M.J.; Peterson, E.B.; Costas-Muñiz, R.; Hernandez, M.H.; Jewell, S.T.; Matsoukas, K.; Bylund, C.L. The Effects of Race and Racial Concordance on Patient-Physician Communication: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J. Racial Ethn. Health Dispar. 2018, 5, 117–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jetty, A.; Jabbarpour, Y.; Pollack, J.; Huerto, R.; Woo, S.; Petterson, S. Patient-Physician Racial Concordance Associated with Improved Healthcare Use and Lower Healthcare Expenditures in Minority Populations. J. Racial Ethn. Health Dispar. 2021. [CrossRef]
- Brewer, L.C.; Balls-Berry, J.E.; Dean, P.; Lackore, K.; Jenkins, S.; Hayes, S.N. Fostering African-American Improvement in Total Health (FAITH!): An Application of the American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7™ among Midwestern African-Americans. J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities 2017, 4, 269–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lynch, E.B.; Liu, K.; Kiefe, C.I.; Greenland, P. Cardiovascular disease risk factor knowledge in young adults and 10-year change in risk factors: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2006, 164, 1171–1179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kilkenny, M.; Dunstan, L.; Busingye, D.; Purvis, T.; Reyneke, M.; Orgill, M.; Cadilhac, D. Knowledge of risk factors for diabetes or cardiovascular disease is poor among individuals with risk factors for CVD. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0172941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
No Focus Group (N = 54) | Focus Group (N = 20) | Overall (N = 74) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 51.8 (10.5) | 53.3 (10.3) | 52.2 (10.4) | 0.583 |
Marital Status | 0.169 | |||
Married | 31 (57.4%) | 7 (35%) | 38 (51.4%) | |
Widowed | 0 (0%) | 1 (5%) | 1 (1.4%) | |
Divorced | 8 (14.8%) | 5 (25%) | 13 (17.6%) | |
Separated | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.4%) | |
Never Married | 11 (20.4%) | 7 (35%) | 18 (24.3%) | |
Missing | 3 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (4.1%) | |
Annual Income | 0.682 | |||
<USD 20,000 | 3 (5.6%) | 2 (10%) | 5 (6.8%) | |
USD 20,000–49,999 | 13 (24.1%) | 7 (35%) | 20 (27%) | |
USD 50,000–74,999 | 16 (29.6%) | 6 (30%) | 22 (29.7%) | |
≥USD 75000 | 13 (24.1%) | 3 (15%) | 16 (21.6%) | |
Missing | 9 (16.7%) | 2 (10%) | 11 (14.9%) | |
Employment Status | 0.612 | |||
Employed | 44 (81.5%) | 16 (80%) | 60 (81.1%) | |
Retired | 4 (7.4%) | 3 (15%) | 7 (9.5%) | |
Unemployed | 4 (7.4%) | 1 (5%) | 5 (6.8%) | |
Missing | 2 (3.7%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.7%) | |
Health Insurance | 0.908 | |||
Private insurance | 38 (70.4%) | 14 (70%) | 52 (70.3%) | |
Medicaid/Medicare | 5 (9.3%) | 3 (15%) | 8 (10.8%) | |
Military insurance | 3 (5.6%) | 1 (5%) | 4 (5.4%) | |
No insurance | 7 (13%) | 2 (10%) | 9 (12.2%) | |
Missing | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.4%) |
Types of Social Support | |
---|---|
Type of Support | Codebook Description of Type of Support |
Appraisal | Information from others that is useful for introspection, self-evaluation, or as constructive feedback, rather than information for the purpose of knowledge. |
Emotional | Love, trust, compassion, empathy, and a sense of belonging received from others. |
Instrumental | Tangible items, tasks, or services performed by or given by others. |
Informational | Suggestions, advice, and information gained by the recipient. |
Peer Support. | ||
---|---|---|
Major Theme | Sub-Theme | Codebook Description of Type of Support |
Appraisal | Mental Health | “I still have the same challenges that I faced, but [the program] motivated me, and the brothers motivated me, to continue to do more.” “I was going through a divorce, and I was like, I know I need village right now more than ever. You know [what] I’m saying? Not that I used it as a support group, and came and boo-hooed or anything like that, but just being around the positive energy every week, really kept the wind in my back… and so super vital to get me getting me through this whole last year … and the health outcomes, the physical health outcomes were just icing on the cake for me. It was the emotional health outcomes and the mental health outcomes that took [the program] to another level.” |
Emotional | Sense of Brotherhood | “I don’t know what would [have] kept me in besides that (brotherhood).” “It just reinforces what you already know about your fellow brother and your fellow man…give them the opportunity that we can do better, and there are many out there that are doing better, but just the fact that you have that brotherhood and you have that relationship with people that you see in your communities.” |
Clinical Support | ||
---|---|---|
Major Theme | Sub-Theme | Codebook Description of Type of Support |
Instrumental | Incentive | “You know the little gift cards were good sometimes as an incentive. Those little things that were beneficial.” “[I] believe that the Amazon cards incentivized us as well. I think that’s a good way because you’re not doing it for nothing. You know here’s something for your time. I think that was a good gesture.” |
Perceived Investment of Study Team | “One thing that stuck out for me was [D.M.G.] when my BP numbers wouldn’t go down … he pulled me to the side … and asked for my doctor’s information. He actually took time out of his busy day to reach out to my doctor.” “My blood pressure had dropped so low that I passed out and ended up going to emergency [room], and Dr. Josh (J.J.J.) just stayed with me. He helped me get through so I could kind of get through faster.” | |
Appraisal | Health | “But going through the program certainly kicked up my activity level, which I think helped [me] break through some of the plateaus and barriers that I was already experiencing. [I] just needed another reason a little more of a push… a little more mindful eating and stuff. So, I think that from a health perspective it helped reinforce some of the things that I knew. And it helped dispel some of the things I didn’t know. So, yeah it was overall it was definitely a good supplementation event to participate in for me.” “I’m being more self-conscious now with my eating more fruits and vegetables. Doing more protein smoothie shakes in the morning for breakfast. More water intake so slowly but surely I’m doing the things that I need to do that I should have done, I really think the program because the program really helped me push me into that mindset, to do more…” |
Informational | Knowledge of COVID-19 | “Dr. Joseph (J.J.J.) was very instrumental in me getting the vaccine because I was kind of on the fence about it. And he kind of made me feel better about going ahead and getting it. So, I went ahead and got both vaccines.” “And I will share that the feedback from the doctors about the vaccine [and] about how they felt about the vaccines helped boost my confidence in taking the vaccine. So I’m good now.” |
Access to Provider | “As far as this program is concerned, I never had that many young black urban professionals that tended to my personal needs if you guys knew how that made me feel … I was so proud. Dr. Gray (D.M.G.II.) was the main one on our text checking in keeping up with everybody just checking in and say how y’all doing everything cool?” “I had access to him (J.J.J.), so I think that was one of the things that that I really appreciate it and enjoyed about the program just the information the information and the access.” | |
Emotional | Influences of Black Researchers | “I mean some years ago … I was in a diabetes [intervention]. It was looking at the effects of exercise and diabetes. Other than the coordinator, there was no one else who looked like me, and I just didn’t get the same type of energy from participating. It was more of a challenge and just wasn’t a good experience ultimately. So this time around was much better.” “You understand some of the struggles and things we go through, and its much easier to relate to [health coaches], because [they] relate to us.” |
Perceived Investment of Study Team | “My blood pressure had dropped so low that I passed out … Dr. Josh (J.J.J.) he just stayed with me, he helped me get through … he sat with me for a couple hours. I was there, and (J.J.J.) just really seemed to care about my health.” “Dr. Nolan (T.S.N.) being there at 10 and a half weeks pregnant … and still working hard and helping us as much as [she] could. I was really impressed with [her], and [the other health coaches’] commitment was just out of this world… and that made me want to show up … [They] could have fluffed it off and did the bare minimum, but [they] even got up and worked out with us.” |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Addison, S.; Yang, Y.; Metlock, F.; King, M.; McKoy, A.; Williams, A.; Gregory, J.; Gray, D.M., II; Joseph, J.J.; Nolan, T.S. The Role of Social Support in Cardiovascular Clinical Trial Participation among Black Men: Black Impact. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912041
Addison S, Yang Y, Metlock F, King M, McKoy A, Williams A, Gregory J, Gray DM II, Joseph JJ, Nolan TS. The Role of Social Support in Cardiovascular Clinical Trial Participation among Black Men: Black Impact. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912041
Chicago/Turabian StyleAddison, Sarah, Yesol Yang, Faith Metlock, Mikayla King, Alicia McKoy, Amaris Williams, John Gregory, Darrell M. Gray, II, Joshua J. Joseph, and Timiya S. Nolan. 2022. "The Role of Social Support in Cardiovascular Clinical Trial Participation among Black Men: Black Impact" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912041